Cho khối chóp S.ABCD có đáy ABCD là hình chữ nhật. Một mặt phẳng thay đổi nhưng luôn song song với đáy và cắt các cạnh bên SA , SB, SC ,SD lần lượt tại M,N ,P ,Q . Gọi M',N' ,Q',P' lần lượt là hình chiếu vuông góc của M,N, P,Q lên mặt phẳng (ABCD) . Tính tỉ số \(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaahqart1ev3aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaaca % WGtbGaamytaaqaaiaadofacaWGbbaaaaaa!394C! \frac{{SM}}{{SA}}\) để thể tích khối đa diện MNPQ.M'N'P'Q' đạt giá trị lớn nhất.
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Lời giải:
Báo saiĐặt \(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaahqart1ev3aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaaca % WGtbGaamytaaqaaiaadofacaWGbbaaaiabg2da9iaadUgaaaa!3B42! \frac{{SM}}{{SA}} = k\) với \(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaahqart1ev3aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4AaiabgI % GiopaadmaabaGaaGimaiaacUdacaaIXaaacaGLBbGaayzxaaaaaa!3C8E! k \in \left[ {0;1} \right]\)
Xét tam giác SAB có MN // AB nên \(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaahqart1ev3aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaaca % WGnbGaamOtaaqaaiaadgeacaWGcbaaaiabg2da9maalaaabaGaam4u % aiaad2eaaeaacaWGtbGaamyqaaaacqGH9aqpcaWGRbaaaa!3F8A! \frac{{MN}}{{AB}} = \frac{{SM}}{{SA}} = k\)\(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaahqart1ev3aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyO0H4Taam % ytaiaad6eacqGH9aqpcaWGRbGaaiOlaiaadgeacaWGcbaaaa!3E2B! \Rightarrow MN = k.AB\)
Xét tam giác SAD có MQ // AD nên \(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaahqart1ev3aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaaca % WGnbGaamyuaaqaaiaadgeacaWGebaaaiabg2da9maalaaabaGaam4u % aiaad2eaaeaacaWGtbGaamyqaaaacqGH9aqpcaWGRbaaaa!3F8F! \frac{{MQ}}{{AD}} = \frac{{SM}}{{SA}} = k\)\(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaahqart1ev3aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyO0H4Taam % ytaiaadgfacqGH9aqpcaWGRbGaaiOlaiaadgeacaWGebaaaa!3E30! \Rightarrow MQ = k.AD\)
Kẻ đường cao SH của hình chóp. Xét tam giác SAH có:
MM' // SH nên \(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaahqart1ev3aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaaca % WGnbGabmytayaafaaabaGaam4uaiaadIeaaaGaeyypa0ZaaSaaaeaa % caWGbbGaamytaaqaaiaadofacaWGbbaaaaaa!3DA5! \frac{{MM'}}{{SH}} = \frac{{AM}}{{SA}}\)\(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaahqart1ev3aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyypa0ZaaS % aaaeaacaWGtbGaamyqaiabgkHiTiaadofacaWGnbaabaGaam4uaiaa % dgeaaaGaeyypa0JaaGymaiabgkHiTmaalaaabaGaam4uaiaad2eaae % aacaWGtbGaamyqaaaacqGH9aqpcaaIXaGaeyOeI0Iaam4Aaaaa!4681! = \frac{{SA - SM}}{{SA}} = 1 - \frac{{SM}}{{SA}} = 1 - k\)\(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaahqart1ev3aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyO0H4Taam % ytaiqad2eagaqbaiabg2da9maabmaabaGaaGymaiabgkHiTiaadUga % aiaawIcacaGLPaaacaGGUaGaam4uaiaadIeaaaa!417F! \Rightarrow MM' = \left( {1 - k} \right).SH\)
Ta có \(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaahqart1ev3aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOvamaaBa % aaleaacaWGnbGaamOtaiaadcfacaWGrbGaaiOlaiqad2eagaqbaiqa % d6eagaqbaiqadcfagaqbaiqadgfagaqbaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaWGnb % GaamOtaiaac6cacaWGnbGaamyuaiaac6cacaWGnbGabmytayaafaaa % aa!45EE! {V_{MNPQ.M'N'P'Q'}} = MN.MQ.MM'\)\(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaahqart1ev3aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyypa0Jaam % yqaiaadkeacaGGUaGaamyqaiaadseacaGGUaGaam4uaiaadIeacaGG % UaGaam4AamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiaac6cadaqadaqaaiaaig % dacqGHsislcaWGRbaacaGLOaGaayzkaaaaaa!4487! = AB.AD.SH.{k^2}.\left( {1 - k} \right)\)
Mà \(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaahqart1ev3aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOvamaaBa % aaleaacaWGtbGaaiOlaiaadgeacaWGcbGaam4qaiaadseaaeqaaOGa % eyypa0ZaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaaG4maaaacaWGtbGaamisaiaac6 % cacaWGbbGaamOqaiaac6cacaWGbbGaamiraaaa!4460! {V_{S.ABCD}} = \frac{1}{3}SH.AB.AD\)\(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaahqart1ev3aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyO0H4Taam % OvamaaBaaaleaacaWGnbGaamOtaiaadcfacaWGrbGaaiOlaiqad2ea % gaqbaiqad6eagaqbaiqadcfagaqbaiqadgfagaqbaaqabaGccqGH9a % qpcaaIZaGaaiOlaiaadAfadaWgaaWcbaGaam4uaiaac6cacaWGbbGa % amOqaiaadoeacaWGebaabeaakiaac6cacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaaca % aIYaaaaOGaaiOlamaabmaabaGaaGymaiabgkHiTiaadUgaaiaawIca % caGLPaaaaaa!507A! \Rightarrow {V_{MNPQ.M'N'P'Q'}} = 3.{V_{S.ABCD}}.{k^2}.\left( {1 - k} \right)\)
Thể tích khối chóp không đổi nên \(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaahqart1ev3aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOvamaaBa % aaleaacaWGnbGaamOtaiaadcfacaWGrbGaaiOlaiqad2eagaqbaiqa % d6eagaqbaiqadcfagaqbaiqadgfagaqbaaqabaaaaa!3E7D! {V_{MNPQ.M'N'P'Q'}}\) đạt giá trị lớn nhất khi \(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaahqart1ev3aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4AamaaCa % aaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiaac6cadaqadaqaaiaaigdacqGHsislcaWG % RbaacaGLOaGaayzkaaaaaa!3CAA! {k^2}.\left( {1 - k} \right)\) lớn nhất.
Ta có \(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaahqart1ev3aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4AamaaCa % aaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiaac6cadaqadaqaaiaadUgacqGHsislcaaI % XaaacaGLOaGaayzkaaGaeyypa0ZaaSaaaeaacaaIYaWaaeWaaeaaca % aIXaGaeyOeI0Iaam4AaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaiaac6cacaWGRbGaaiOl % aiaadUgaaeaacaaIYaaaaiabgsMiJoaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaaik % daaaWaaeWaaeaadaWcaaqaaiaaikdacqGHsislcaaIYaGaam4Aaiab % gUcaRiaadUgacqGHRaWkcaWGRbaabaGaaG4maaaaaiaawIcacaGLPa % aadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaiodaaaGccqGH9aqpdaWcaaqaaiaaisdaaeaa % caaIYaGaaG4naaaaaaa!576C! {k^2}.\left( {k - 1} \right) = \frac{{2\left( {1 - k} \right).k.k}}{2} \le \frac{1}{2}{\left( {\frac{{2 - 2k + k + k}}{3}} \right)^3} = \frac{4}{{27}}\)
Đẳng thức xảy ra khi và chỉ khi: \(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaahqart1ev3aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGOmamaabm % aabaGaaGymaiabgkHiTiaadUgaaiaawIcacaGLPaaacqGH9aqpcaWG % Rbaaaa!3CC6! 2\left( {1 - k} \right) = k\) \(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaahqart1ev3aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyi1HSTaam % 4Aaiabg2da9maalaaabaGaaGOmaaqaaiaaiodaaaaaaa!3BCE! \Leftrightarrow k = \frac{2}{3}\)Vậy \(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaahqart1ev3aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaaca % WGtbGaamytaaqaaiaadofacaWGbbaaaiabg2da9maalaaabaGaaGOm % aaqaaiaaiodaaaaaaa!3BDB! \frac{{SM}}{{SA}} = \frac{2}{3}\)
Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp THPT QG môn Toán năm 2020
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