Đề thi thử Tốt nghiệp THPT năm 2026 môn Tiếng anh Sở GD&DT TP. Hồ Chí Minh - Đề 1

Read the following article and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to choose the word or phrase that best fits each other numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

How Social Media Helps Boost Marketing

In today’s digital world, social media has become an essential tool in terms of marketing. Businesses (1) ________ social media campaigns to achieve specific goals and engage with their audience. A campaign usually has a clear objective—collecting user feedback, increasing brand awareness, or (2) ________ sales. To reach these goals, businesses aim at attracting more potential customers (3) ________ social media platforms.

Fortunately, many (4) ________ have been developed for tracking shares, replies, likes, and brand-related keywords. Additionally, certain media services, (5) ________ with social media accounts, analyze audience engagement. These tools help businesses understand their audience by showing who interacts with posts, asks questions, writes reviews, or joins contests.

A successful social media campaign requires positive engagement, (6) ________ interaction, and appealing rewards. These elements encourage users to remain involved and build trust in the brand. By using social media effectively, businesses can expand their customer base and improve marketing strategies.

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Choose the best answer for question 1:

Read the following article and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to choose the word or phrase that best fits each other numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

How Social Media Helps Boost Marketing

In today’s digital world, social media has become an essential tool in terms of marketing. Businesses (1) ________ social media campaigns to achieve specific goals and engage with their audience. A campaign usually has a clear objective—collecting user feedback, increasing brand awareness, or (2) ________ sales. To reach these goals, businesses aim at attracting more potential customers (3) ________ social media platforms.

Fortunately, many (4) ________ have been developed for tracking shares, replies, likes, and brand-related keywords. Additionally, certain media services, (5) ________ with social media accounts, analyze audience engagement. These tools help businesses understand their audience by showing who interacts with posts, asks questions, writes reviews, or joins contests.

A successful social media campaign requires positive engagement, (6) ________ interaction, and appealing rewards. These elements encourage users to remain involved and build trust in the brand. By using social media effectively, businesses can expand their customer base and improve marketing strategies.

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Choose the best answer for question 2:

Read the following article and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to choose the word or phrase that best fits each other numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

How Social Media Helps Boost Marketing

In today’s digital world, social media has become an essential tool in terms of marketing. Businesses (1) ________ social media campaigns to achieve specific goals and engage with their audience. A campaign usually has a clear objective—collecting user feedback, increasing brand awareness, or (2) ________ sales. To reach these goals, businesses aim at attracting more potential customers (3) ________ social media platforms.

Fortunately, many (4) ________ have been developed for tracking shares, replies, likes, and brand-related keywords. Additionally, certain media services, (5) ________ with social media accounts, analyze audience engagement. These tools help businesses understand their audience by showing who interacts with posts, asks questions, writes reviews, or joins contests.

A successful social media campaign requires positive engagement, (6) ________ interaction, and appealing rewards. These elements encourage users to remain involved and build trust in the brand. By using social media effectively, businesses can expand their customer base and improve marketing strategies.

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Choose the best answer for question 3:

Read the following article and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to choose the word or phrase that best fits each other numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

How Social Media Helps Boost Marketing

In today’s digital world, social media has become an essential tool in terms of marketing. Businesses (1) ________ social media campaigns to achieve specific goals and engage with their audience. A campaign usually has a clear objective—collecting user feedback, increasing brand awareness, or (2) ________ sales. To reach these goals, businesses aim at attracting more potential customers (3) ________ social media platforms.

Fortunately, many (4) ________ have been developed for tracking shares, replies, likes, and brand-related keywords. Additionally, certain media services, (5) ________ with social media accounts, analyze audience engagement. These tools help businesses understand their audience by showing who interacts with posts, asks questions, writes reviews, or joins contests.

A successful social media campaign requires positive engagement, (6) ________ interaction, and appealing rewards. These elements encourage users to remain involved and build trust in the brand. By using social media effectively, businesses can expand their customer base and improve marketing strategies.

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Choose the best answer for question 4:

Read the following article and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to choose the word or phrase that best fits each other numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

How Social Media Helps Boost Marketing

In today’s digital world, social media has become an essential tool in terms of marketing. Businesses (1) ________ social media campaigns to achieve specific goals and engage with their audience. A campaign usually has a clear objective—collecting user feedback, increasing brand awareness, or (2) ________ sales. To reach these goals, businesses aim at attracting more potential customers (3) ________ social media platforms.

Fortunately, many (4) ________ have been developed for tracking shares, replies, likes, and brand-related keywords. Additionally, certain media services, (5) ________ with social media accounts, analyze audience engagement. These tools help businesses understand their audience by showing who interacts with posts, asks questions, writes reviews, or joins contests.

A successful social media campaign requires positive engagement, (6) ________ interaction, and appealing rewards. These elements encourage users to remain involved and build trust in the brand. By using social media effectively, businesses can expand their customer base and improve marketing strategies.

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Choose the best answer for question 5:

Read the following article and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to choose the word or phrase that best fits each other numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

How Social Media Helps Boost Marketing

In today’s digital world, social media has become an essential tool in terms of marketing. Businesses (1) ________ social media campaigns to achieve specific goals and engage with their audience. A campaign usually has a clear objective—collecting user feedback, increasing brand awareness, or (2) ________ sales. To reach these goals, businesses aim at attracting more potential customers (3) ________ social media platforms.

Fortunately, many (4) ________ have been developed for tracking shares, replies, likes, and brand-related keywords. Additionally, certain media services, (5) ________ with social media accounts, analyze audience engagement. These tools help businesses understand their audience by showing who interacts with posts, asks questions, writes reviews, or joins contests.

A successful social media campaign requires positive engagement, (6) ________ interaction, and appealing rewards. These elements encourage users to remain involved and build trust in the brand. By using social media effectively, businesses can expand their customer base and improve marketing strategies.

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Choose the best answer for question 6:

Read the following news report and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to choose the word or phrase that best fits each other numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Last night, police arrested a man (7) ________ using social media to obtain people's phone numbers. Martin Wheeler, 41, had phoned a (8) ________ of people and apparently convinced them that they had won a free gift. He asked them to provide their financial details. Wheeler has admitted that the free gifts didn't exist but has denied that he actually stole any money. He claimed that he'd been trying to (9) ________ awareness of the dangers of (10) ________ their details. Police have warned the public never to make personal or financial information available to (11) ________ unless absolutely certain that they are (12) ________.

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Choose the best answer for question 7:

Read the following news report and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to choose the word or phrase that best fits each other numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Last night, police arrested a man (7) ________ using social media to obtain people's phone numbers. Martin Wheeler, 41, had phoned a (8) ________ of people and apparently convinced them that they had won a free gift. He asked them to provide their financial details. Wheeler has admitted that the free gifts didn't exist but has denied that he actually stole any money. He claimed that he'd been trying to (9) ________ awareness of the dangers of (10) ________ their details. Police have warned the public never to make personal or financial information available to (11) ________ unless absolutely certain that they are (12) ________.

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Choose the best answer for question 8:

Read the following news report and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to choose the word or phrase that best fits each other numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Last night, police arrested a man (7) ________ using social media to obtain people's phone numbers. Martin Wheeler, 41, had phoned a (8) ________ of people and apparently convinced them that they had won a free gift. He asked them to provide their financial details. Wheeler has admitted that the free gifts didn't exist but has denied that he actually stole any money. He claimed that he'd been trying to (9) ________ awareness of the dangers of (10) ________ their details. Police have warned the public never to make personal or financial information available to (11) ________ unless absolutely certain that they are (12) ________.

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Choose the best answer for question 9:

Read the following news report and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to choose the word or phrase that best fits each other numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Last night, police arrested a man (7) ________ using social media to obtain people's phone numbers. Martin Wheeler, 41, had phoned a (8) ________ of people and apparently convinced them that they had won a free gift. He asked them to provide their financial details. Wheeler has admitted that the free gifts didn't exist but has denied that he actually stole any money. He claimed that he'd been trying to (9) ________ awareness of the dangers of (10) ________ their details. Police have warned the public never to make personal or financial information available to (11) ________ unless absolutely certain that they are (12) ________.

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Choose the best answer for question 10:

Read the following news report and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to choose the word or phrase that best fits each other numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Last night, police arrested a man (7) ________ using social media to obtain people's phone numbers. Martin Wheeler, 41, had phoned a (8) ________ of people and apparently convinced them that they had won a free gift. He asked them to provide their financial details. Wheeler has admitted that the free gifts didn't exist but has denied that he actually stole any money. He claimed that he'd been trying to (9) ________ awareness of the dangers of (10) ________ their details. Police have warned the public never to make personal or financial information available to (11) ________ unless absolutely certain that they are (12) ________.

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Choose the best answer for question 11:

Read the following news report and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to choose the word or phrase that best fits each other numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Last night, police arrested a man (7) ________ using social media to obtain people's phone numbers. Martin Wheeler, 41, had phoned a (8) ________ of people and apparently convinced them that they had won a free gift. He asked them to provide their financial details. Wheeler has admitted that the free gifts didn't exist but has denied that he actually stole any money. He claimed that he'd been trying to (9) ________ awareness of the dangers of (10) ________ their details. Police have warned the public never to make personal or financial information available to (11) ________ unless absolutely certain that they are (12) ________.

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Choose the best answer for question 12:

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions.

a. Emily: Hi, Ewan!

b. Emily: I’m going to a meeting. The students’ organisation that I’m in is holding it.

c. Ewan: Hi, Emily. What are you doing this weekend?

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions.

a. Lee: That’s a shame. If you’d finished your homework, you could have gone with me.

b. Lee: Are you going to the fundraising concert later?

c. May: Anyway, isn’t it sold out?

d. May: No, but I would have bought a ticket if I didn’t have so much homework.

e. Lee: It is now – and if I hadn’t seen Leo last night, I wouldn’t have had a ticket either, but he had two spare ones.

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions.

a. In the afternoon, we are going to try cooking rice in bamboo tubes.

b. Dear Jimmy,

We are going to have the annual Spring Fair this Sunday. Can you join us?

c. PS: We have arranged everything, so you don’t have to bring anything.

d. All the students are going to enjoy an enormous concert in the morning.

e. Late at night, making Banh Chung must be the key activity for a foreigner like you.

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions.

a. And although we're both sociable, Helen is more outgoing than me.

b. My closest friend, Helen, is quite similar to me.

c. However, we share broad interests and personalities, so we can spend a lot of time together.

d. Having said that, we do not have everything in common- in fact, the differences keep our friendship interesting.

e. It's in the details that we differ. For example, we love sports but support different teams.

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions.

a. Finally, the new technology allowed us to connect with relatives overseas effortlessly.

b. Do you think social media strengthens connections among people? If used wisely, it could significantly enhance our interactions.

c. To sum up, the advancements in communication technology have bridged gaps and brought people closer than ever before.

d. Secondly, video calls have replaced traditional phone calls, making face-to-face communication possible regardless of distance.

e. First of all, the internet has revolutionized the way we connect with each other, providing instant messaging and social networking platforms.

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Read the following passage about medical breakthroughs and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

Medical breakthroughs

After twenty years of research, scientists have finally succeeded in developing a vaccine for dengue, a viral disease found in tropical areas. The illness causes high fever and severe joint pain, and in some cases, it can be fatal. According to the World Health Organisation, each year between 50 and 100 million people develop dengue, (18) ________. The commercialised vaccine can protect children in Asia and Latin America against the virus.

Artificial limbs have been around since ancient times, but no prosthetic has been as lifelike as the Bebionic small hand. (19) ________. Electrical impulses triggered by the user's muscle movements connect to individual motors and powerful microprocessors in each finger, (20) ________. Specifically aimed at women and teenagers, the artificial hand enables the user to perform a range of activities previously unmanageable, such as using cutlery and riding a bike.

(21) ________. The battery-driven headband sits across the forehead and over the ears and has a self-adhesive electrode, which helps it stay in place. This electrode applies an electric current to the skin and tissue below the headband stimulating the nerves which are said to trigger the headaches. By wearing the headband for the recommended twenty minutes per day, (22) ________.

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Choose the best answer for question 18:

Read the following passage about medical breakthroughs and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

Medical breakthroughs

After twenty years of research, scientists have finally succeeded in developing a vaccine for dengue, a viral disease found in tropical areas. The illness causes high fever and severe joint pain, and in some cases, it can be fatal. According to the World Health Organisation, each year between 50 and 100 million people develop dengue, (18) ________. The commercialised vaccine can protect children in Asia and Latin America against the virus.

Artificial limbs have been around since ancient times, but no prosthetic has been as lifelike as the Bebionic small hand. (19) ________. Electrical impulses triggered by the user's muscle movements connect to individual motors and powerful microprocessors in each finger, (20) ________. Specifically aimed at women and teenagers, the artificial hand enables the user to perform a range of activities previously unmanageable, such as using cutlery and riding a bike.

(21) ________. The battery-driven headband sits across the forehead and over the ears and has a self-adhesive electrode, which helps it stay in place. This electrode applies an electric current to the skin and tissue below the headband stimulating the nerves which are said to trigger the headaches. By wearing the headband for the recommended twenty minutes per day, (22) ________.

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Choose the best answer for question 19:

Read the following passage about medical breakthroughs and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

Medical breakthroughs

After twenty years of research, scientists have finally succeeded in developing a vaccine for dengue, a viral disease found in tropical areas. The illness causes high fever and severe joint pain, and in some cases, it can be fatal. According to the World Health Organisation, each year between 50 and 100 million people develop dengue, (18) ________. The commercialised vaccine can protect children in Asia and Latin America against the virus.

Artificial limbs have been around since ancient times, but no prosthetic has been as lifelike as the Bebionic small hand. (19) ________. Electrical impulses triggered by the user's muscle movements connect to individual motors and powerful microprocessors in each finger, (20) ________. Specifically aimed at women and teenagers, the artificial hand enables the user to perform a range of activities previously unmanageable, such as using cutlery and riding a bike.

(21) ________. The battery-driven headband sits across the forehead and over the ears and has a self-adhesive electrode, which helps it stay in place. This electrode applies an electric current to the skin and tissue below the headband stimulating the nerves which are said to trigger the headaches. By wearing the headband for the recommended twenty minutes per day, (22) ________.

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Choose the best answer for question 20:

Read the following passage about medical breakthroughs and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

Medical breakthroughs

After twenty years of research, scientists have finally succeeded in developing a vaccine for dengue, a viral disease found in tropical areas. The illness causes high fever and severe joint pain, and in some cases, it can be fatal. According to the World Health Organisation, each year between 50 and 100 million people develop dengue, (18) ________. The commercialised vaccine can protect children in Asia and Latin America against the virus.

Artificial limbs have been around since ancient times, but no prosthetic has been as lifelike as the Bebionic small hand. (19) ________. Electrical impulses triggered by the user's muscle movements connect to individual motors and powerful microprocessors in each finger, (20) ________. Specifically aimed at women and teenagers, the artificial hand enables the user to perform a range of activities previously unmanageable, such as using cutlery and riding a bike.

(21) ________. The battery-driven headband sits across the forehead and over the ears and has a self-adhesive electrode, which helps it stay in place. This electrode applies an electric current to the skin and tissue below the headband stimulating the nerves which are said to trigger the headaches. By wearing the headband for the recommended twenty minutes per day, (22) ________.

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Choose the best answer for question 21:

Read the following passage about medical breakthroughs and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

Medical breakthroughs

After twenty years of research, scientists have finally succeeded in developing a vaccine for dengue, a viral disease found in tropical areas. The illness causes high fever and severe joint pain, and in some cases, it can be fatal. According to the World Health Organisation, each year between 50 and 100 million people develop dengue, (18) ________. The commercialised vaccine can protect children in Asia and Latin America against the virus.

Artificial limbs have been around since ancient times, but no prosthetic has been as lifelike as the Bebionic small hand. (19) ________. Electrical impulses triggered by the user's muscle movements connect to individual motors and powerful microprocessors in each finger, (20) ________. Specifically aimed at women and teenagers, the artificial hand enables the user to perform a range of activities previously unmanageable, such as using cutlery and riding a bike.

(21) ________. The battery-driven headband sits across the forehead and over the ears and has a self-adhesive electrode, which helps it stay in place. This electrode applies an electric current to the skin and tissue below the headband stimulating the nerves which are said to trigger the headaches. By wearing the headband for the recommended twenty minutes per day, (22) ________.

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Choose the best answer for question 22:

Read the following passage about endangered languages and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

Humanoid robots, eminent characters in science fiction novels and sci-fi films, are becoming a reality. Sophia, as an example, was first activated on Valentine's Day in 2016. One month later, she had her premiere in Texas, USA and has made multiple public appearances around the world since then. At one such event, Sophia was granted Saudi Arabian citizenship in October 2017 and even became the first Innovation Champion of the United Nations Development Programme later that year. During Sophia's trip to Viet Nam in 2018, she addressed the Industry 4.0 Summit and Expo.

Sophia the Robot is the latest humanlike robot created by a Hong Kong-based company whose combined efforts in Al research, engineering and design have given birth to robots. Undoubtedly, Sophia together with other Hanson robots represents the rapid advancement in the field of robotics and artificial intelligence. She has been designed to assist humans in healthcare, customer support and education.

Sophia's physical appearance is inspired by both the famous actress Audrey Hepburn and the creator's wife. She has cameras for eyes and microphones for ears, allowing her to see and hear like a human. But what makes her more lifelike than other robots is the patented artificial skin called Frubber, which has the feel and flexibility of human skin.

Sophia amazes the world with her ability to communicate naturally. The Sophia Intelligence Collective, which is a combination of AI and human input, and other sophisticated perception techniques enable Sophia to recognise human faces and identify human emotions and gestures. Equipped with machine learning algorithms, Sophia can understand human speech and interact with people. Questions and jokes are pieces of cake to her whereas sarcasm is intelligible. What distinguishes Sophia from other humanlike robots is her social behaviour, i.e. her facial emotions, hand movements and conversation skills, and most importantly, her learning capability. Sophia is programmed to learn from experiences and adapt to new situations.

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of Sophia’s abilities?

Read the following passage about endangered languages and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

Humanoid robots, eminent characters in science fiction novels and sci-fi films, are becoming a reality. Sophia, as an example, was first activated on Valentine's Day in 2016. One month later, she had her premiere in Texas, USA and has made multiple public appearances around the world since then. At one such event, Sophia was granted Saudi Arabian citizenship in October 2017 and even became the first Innovation Champion of the United Nations Development Programme later that year. During Sophia's trip to Viet Nam in 2018, she addressed the Industry 4.0 Summit and Expo.

Sophia the Robot is the latest humanlike robot created by a Hong Kong-based company whose combined efforts in Al research, engineering and design have given birth to robots. Undoubtedly, Sophia together with other Hanson robots represents the rapid advancement in the field of robotics and artificial intelligence. She has been designed to assist humans in healthcare, customer support and education.

Sophia's physical appearance is inspired by both the famous actress Audrey Hepburn and the creator's wife. She has cameras for eyes and microphones for ears, allowing her to see and hear like a human. But what makes her more lifelike than other robots is the patented artificial skin called Frubber, which has the feel and flexibility of human skin.

Sophia amazes the world with her ability to communicate naturally. The Sophia Intelligence Collective, which is a combination of AI and human input, and other sophisticated perception techniques enable Sophia to recognise human faces and identify human emotions and gestures. Equipped with machine learning algorithms, Sophia can understand human speech and interact with people. Questions and jokes are pieces of cake to her whereas sarcasm is intelligible. What distinguishes Sophia from other humanlike robots is her social behaviour, i.e. her facial emotions, hand movements and conversation skills, and most importantly, her learning capability. Sophia is programmed to learn from experiences and adapt to new situations.

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

The word advancement in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ________

Read the following passage about endangered languages and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

Humanoid robots, eminent characters in science fiction novels and sci-fi films, are becoming a reality. Sophia, as an example, was first activated on Valentine's Day in 2016. One month later, she had her premiere in Texas, USA and has made multiple public appearances around the world since then. At one such event, Sophia was granted Saudi Arabian citizenship in October 2017 and even became the first Innovation Champion of the United Nations Development Programme later that year. During Sophia's trip to Viet Nam in 2018, she addressed the Industry 4.0 Summit and Expo.

Sophia the Robot is the latest humanlike robot created by a Hong Kong-based company whose combined efforts in Al research, engineering and design have given birth to robots. Undoubtedly, Sophia together with other Hanson robots represents the rapid advancement in the field of robotics and artificial intelligence. She has been designed to assist humans in healthcare, customer support and education.

Sophia's physical appearance is inspired by both the famous actress Audrey Hepburn and the creator's wife. She has cameras for eyes and microphones for ears, allowing her to see and hear like a human. But what makes her more lifelike than other robots is the patented artificial skin called Frubber, which has the feel and flexibility of human skin.

Sophia amazes the world with her ability to communicate naturally. The Sophia Intelligence Collective, which is a combination of AI and human input, and other sophisticated perception techniques enable Sophia to recognise human faces and identify human emotions and gestures. Equipped with machine learning algorithms, Sophia can understand human speech and interact with people. Questions and jokes are pieces of cake to her whereas sarcasm is intelligible. What distinguishes Sophia from other humanlike robots is her social behaviour, i.e. her facial emotions, hand movements and conversation skills, and most importantly, her learning capability. Sophia is programmed to learn from experiences and adapt to new situations.

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

The word She in paragraph 2 refers to _____

Read the following passage about endangered languages and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

Humanoid robots, eminent characters in science fiction novels and sci-fi films, are becoming a reality. Sophia, as an example, was first activated on Valentine's Day in 2016. One month later, she had her premiere in Texas, USA and has made multiple public appearances around the world since then. At one such event, Sophia was granted Saudi Arabian citizenship in October 2017 and even became the first Innovation Champion of the United Nations Development Programme later that year. During Sophia's trip to Viet Nam in 2018, she addressed the Industry 4.0 Summit and Expo.

Sophia the Robot is the latest humanlike robot created by a Hong Kong-based company whose combined efforts in Al research, engineering and design have given birth to robots. Undoubtedly, Sophia together with other Hanson robots represents the rapid advancement in the field of robotics and artificial intelligence. She has been designed to assist humans in healthcare, customer support and education.

Sophia's physical appearance is inspired by both the famous actress Audrey Hepburn and the creator's wife. She has cameras for eyes and microphones for ears, allowing her to see and hear like a human. But what makes her more lifelike than other robots is the patented artificial skin called Frubber, which has the feel and flexibility of human skin.

Sophia amazes the world with her ability to communicate naturally. The Sophia Intelligence Collective, which is a combination of AI and human input, and other sophisticated perception techniques enable Sophia to recognise human faces and identify human emotions and gestures. Equipped with machine learning algorithms, Sophia can understand human speech and interact with people. Questions and jokes are pieces of cake to her whereas sarcasm is intelligible. What distinguishes Sophia from other humanlike robots is her social behaviour, i.e. her facial emotions, hand movements and conversation skills, and most importantly, her learning capability. Sophia is programmed to learn from experiences and adapt to new situations.

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

The word sophisticated in paragraph 4 could be best replaced by _______

Read the following passage about endangered languages and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

Humanoid robots, eminent characters in science fiction novels and sci-fi films, are becoming a reality. Sophia, as an example, was first activated on Valentine's Day in 2016. One month later, she had her premiere in Texas, USA and has made multiple public appearances around the world since then. At one such event, Sophia was granted Saudi Arabian citizenship in October 2017 and even became the first Innovation Champion of the United Nations Development Programme later that year. During Sophia's trip to Viet Nam in 2018, she addressed the Industry 4.0 Summit and Expo.

Sophia the Robot is the latest humanlike robot created by a Hong Kong-based company whose combined efforts in Al research, engineering and design have given birth to robots. Undoubtedly, Sophia together with other Hanson robots represents the rapid advancement in the field of robotics and artificial intelligence. She has been designed to assist humans in healthcare, customer support and education.

Sophia's physical appearance is inspired by both the famous actress Audrey Hepburn and the creator's wife. She has cameras for eyes and microphones for ears, allowing her to see and hear like a human. But what makes her more lifelike than other robots is the patented artificial skin called Frubber, which has the feel and flexibility of human skin.

Sophia amazes the world with her ability to communicate naturally. The Sophia Intelligence Collective, which is a combination of AI and human input, and other sophisticated perception techniques enable Sophia to recognise human faces and identify human emotions and gestures. Equipped with machine learning algorithms, Sophia can understand human speech and interact with people. Questions and jokes are pieces of cake to her whereas sarcasm is intelligible. What distinguishes Sophia from other humanlike robots is her social behaviour, i.e. her facial emotions, hand movements and conversation skills, and most importantly, her learning capability. Sophia is programmed to learn from experiences and adapt to new situations.

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?

Read the following passage about endangered languages and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

Humanoid robots, eminent characters in science fiction novels and sci-fi films, are becoming a reality. Sophia, as an example, was first activated on Valentine's Day in 2016. One month later, she had her premiere in Texas, USA and has made multiple public appearances around the world since then. At one such event, Sophia was granted Saudi Arabian citizenship in October 2017 and even became the first Innovation Champion of the United Nations Development Programme later that year. During Sophia's trip to Viet Nam in 2018, she addressed the Industry 4.0 Summit and Expo.

Sophia the Robot is the latest humanlike robot created by a Hong Kong-based company whose combined efforts in Al research, engineering and design have given birth to robots. Undoubtedly, Sophia together with other Hanson robots represents the rapid advancement in the field of robotics and artificial intelligence. She has been designed to assist humans in healthcare, customer support and education.

Sophia's physical appearance is inspired by both the famous actress Audrey Hepburn and the creator's wife. She has cameras for eyes and microphones for ears, allowing her to see and hear like a human. But what makes her more lifelike than other robots is the patented artificial skin called Frubber, which has the feel and flexibility of human skin.

Sophia amazes the world with her ability to communicate naturally. The Sophia Intelligence Collective, which is a combination of AI and human input, and other sophisticated perception techniques enable Sophia to recognise human faces and identify human emotions and gestures. Equipped with machine learning algorithms, Sophia can understand human speech and interact with people. Questions and jokes are pieces of cake to her whereas sarcasm is intelligible. What distinguishes Sophia from other humanlike robots is her social behaviour, i.e. her facial emotions, hand movements and conversation skills, and most importantly, her learning capability. Sophia is programmed to learn from experiences and adapt to new situations.

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

Read the following passage about endangered languages and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

Humanoid robots, eminent characters in science fiction novels and sci-fi films, are becoming a reality. Sophia, as an example, was first activated on Valentine's Day in 2016. One month later, she had her premiere in Texas, USA and has made multiple public appearances around the world since then. At one such event, Sophia was granted Saudi Arabian citizenship in October 2017 and even became the first Innovation Champion of the United Nations Development Programme later that year. During Sophia's trip to Viet Nam in 2018, she addressed the Industry 4.0 Summit and Expo.

Sophia the Robot is the latest humanlike robot created by a Hong Kong-based company whose combined efforts in Al research, engineering and design have given birth to robots. Undoubtedly, Sophia together with other Hanson robots represents the rapid advancement in the field of robotics and artificial intelligence. She has been designed to assist humans in healthcare, customer support and education.

Sophia's physical appearance is inspired by both the famous actress Audrey Hepburn and the creator's wife. She has cameras for eyes and microphones for ears, allowing her to see and hear like a human. But what makes her more lifelike than other robots is the patented artificial skin called Frubber, which has the feel and flexibility of human skin.

Sophia amazes the world with her ability to communicate naturally. The Sophia Intelligence Collective, which is a combination of AI and human input, and other sophisticated perception techniques enable Sophia to recognise human faces and identify human emotions and gestures. Equipped with machine learning algorithms, Sophia can understand human speech and interact with people. Questions and jokes are pieces of cake to her whereas sarcasm is intelligible. What distinguishes Sophia from other humanlike robots is her social behaviour, i.e. her facial emotions, hand movements and conversation skills, and most importantly, her learning capability. Sophia is programmed to learn from experiences and adapt to new situations.

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

In which paragraph does the writer mention a present causal relationship?

Read the following passage about endangered languages and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

Humanoid robots, eminent characters in science fiction novels and sci-fi films, are becoming a reality. Sophia, as an example, was first activated on Valentine's Day in 2016. One month later, she had her premiere in Texas, USA and has made multiple public appearances around the world since then. At one such event, Sophia was granted Saudi Arabian citizenship in October 2017 and even became the first Innovation Champion of the United Nations Development Programme later that year. During Sophia's trip to Viet Nam in 2018, she addressed the Industry 4.0 Summit and Expo.

Sophia the Robot is the latest humanlike robot created by a Hong Kong-based company whose combined efforts in Al research, engineering and design have given birth to robots. Undoubtedly, Sophia together with other Hanson robots represents the rapid advancement in the field of robotics and artificial intelligence. She has been designed to assist humans in healthcare, customer support and education.

Sophia's physical appearance is inspired by both the famous actress Audrey Hepburn and the creator's wife. She has cameras for eyes and microphones for ears, allowing her to see and hear like a human. But what makes her more lifelike than other robots is the patented artificial skin called Frubber, which has the feel and flexibility of human skin.

Sophia amazes the world with her ability to communicate naturally. The Sophia Intelligence Collective, which is a combination of AI and human input, and other sophisticated perception techniques enable Sophia to recognise human faces and identify human emotions and gestures. Equipped with machine learning algorithms, Sophia can understand human speech and interact with people. Questions and jokes are pieces of cake to her whereas sarcasm is intelligible. What distinguishes Sophia from other humanlike robots is her social behaviour, i.e. her facial emotions, hand movements and conversation skills, and most importantly, her learning capability. Sophia is programmed to learn from experiences and adapt to new situations.

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

In which paragraph does the writer focus on Sophia's achievements and milestones?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

MAKING LONDON HEALTHIER

As the capital of the nation where the Industrial Revolution began, London has suffered badly from the effects of pollution. Recent efforts to make the city cleaner, however, are turning it into one of the world's least polluted major cities.

A. A RIVER FILLED WITH LIFE

For years, the River Thames was a health hazard because of pollution, and in 1957 it was declared biologically deaD. Half a century later, the Thames has won international prizes for rivers that have been restoreD. There are now hundreds of different types of animal and bird feeding on its banks, over 125 different species of fish swimming beneath its surface, and even seals and dolphins have swum up the river from the coast to visit the centre of the city.

B. THE GREAT SMOG

Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, Londoners had become used to suffering from coughs and chest infections caused by smog, which is a combination of smoke and fog. However, when the smog of December 1952 caused four thousand deaths in one week, the government finally realised that something had to be done. A series of 'clean-air' laws were passed to avoid a repeat of the tragedy, and since then the quality of London's air has improved greatly, although there is still plenty of work to do.

C. PAYING TO DRIVE

[I]. At the beginning of the new millennium, because of the number of vehicles, traffic in London was moving at the same speed that it had moved at a hundred years before, when people travelled in horse-drawn carriages: just 16 km/h. [II]. Not only did the number of cars on the roads immediately drop by 15%, but also the number of people cycling increased by 49%, so people benefitted from cleaner air and more exercise. [III]. In the last decade, the number of vehicles in central London has fallen by a further 30% and plans to reduce the number of parking spaces for cars will probably cause it to drop again. [IV].

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Where in paragraph C does the following sentence best fit?

To improve journey times and the quality of London's air, a daily charge of £5 was introduced in 2003 for all vehicles being driven in the city.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

MAKING LONDON HEALTHIER

As the capital of the nation where the Industrial Revolution began, London has suffered badly from the effects of pollution. Recent efforts to make the city cleaner, however, are turning it into one of the world's least polluted major cities.

A. A RIVER FILLED WITH LIFE

For years, the River Thames was a health hazard because of pollution, and in 1957 it was declared biologically deaD. Half a century later, the Thames has won international prizes for rivers that have been restoreD. There are now hundreds of different types of animal and bird feeding on its banks, over 125 different species of fish swimming beneath its surface, and even seals and dolphins have swum up the river from the coast to visit the centre of the city.

B. THE GREAT SMOG

Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, Londoners had become used to suffering from coughs and chest infections caused by smog, which is a combination of smoke and fog. However, when the smog of December 1952 caused four thousand deaths in one week, the government finally realised that something had to be done. A series of 'clean-air' laws were passed to avoid a repeat of the tragedy, and since then the quality of London's air has improved greatly, although there is still plenty of work to do.

C. PAYING TO DRIVE

[I]. At the beginning of the new millennium, because of the number of vehicles, traffic in London was moving at the same speed that it had moved at a hundred years before, when people travelled in horse-drawn carriages: just 16 km/h. [II]. Not only did the number of cars on the roads immediately drop by 15%, but also the number of people cycling increased by 49%, so people benefitted from cleaner air and more exercise. [III]. In the last decade, the number of vehicles in central London has fallen by a further 30% and plans to reduce the number of parking spaces for cars will probably cause it to drop again. [IV].

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

The phrase "biologically dead" in paragraph A could be best replaced by ____

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

MAKING LONDON HEALTHIER

As the capital of the nation where the Industrial Revolution began, London has suffered badly from the effects of pollution. Recent efforts to make the city cleaner, however, are turning it into one of the world's least polluted major cities.

A. A RIVER FILLED WITH LIFE

For years, the River Thames was a health hazard because of pollution, and in 1957 it was declared biologically deaD. Half a century later, the Thames has won international prizes for rivers that have been restoreD. There are now hundreds of different types of animal and bird feeding on its banks, over 125 different species of fish swimming beneath its surface, and even seals and dolphins have swum up the river from the coast to visit the centre of the city.

B. THE GREAT SMOG

Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, Londoners had become used to suffering from coughs and chest infections caused by smog, which is a combination of smoke and fog. However, when the smog of December 1952 caused four thousand deaths in one week, the government finally realised that something had to be done. A series of 'clean-air' laws were passed to avoid a repeat of the tragedy, and since then the quality of London's air has improved greatly, although there is still plenty of work to do.

C. PAYING TO DRIVE

[I]. At the beginning of the new millennium, because of the number of vehicles, traffic in London was moving at the same speed that it had moved at a hundred years before, when people travelled in horse-drawn carriages: just 16 km/h. [II]. Not only did the number of cars on the roads immediately drop by 15%, but also the number of people cycling increased by 49%, so people benefitted from cleaner air and more exercise. [III]. In the last decade, the number of vehicles in central London has fallen by a further 30% and plans to reduce the number of parking spaces for cars will probably cause it to drop again. [IV].

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

The word "it" in paragraph C refers to ____

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

MAKING LONDON HEALTHIER

As the capital of the nation where the Industrial Revolution began, London has suffered badly from the effects of pollution. Recent efforts to make the city cleaner, however, are turning it into one of the world's least polluted major cities.

A. A RIVER FILLED WITH LIFE

For years, the River Thames was a health hazard because of pollution, and in 1957 it was declared biologically deaD. Half a century later, the Thames has won international prizes for rivers that have been restoreD. There are now hundreds of different types of animal and bird feeding on its banks, over 125 different species of fish swimming beneath its surface, and even seals and dolphins have swum up the river from the coast to visit the centre of the city.

B. THE GREAT SMOG

Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, Londoners had become used to suffering from coughs and chest infections caused by smog, which is a combination of smoke and fog. However, when the smog of December 1952 caused four thousand deaths in one week, the government finally realised that something had to be done. A series of 'clean-air' laws were passed to avoid a repeat of the tragedy, and since then the quality of London's air has improved greatly, although there is still plenty of work to do.

C. PAYING TO DRIVE

[I]. At the beginning of the new millennium, because of the number of vehicles, traffic in London was moving at the same speed that it had moved at a hundred years before, when people travelled in horse-drawn carriages: just 16 km/h. [II]. Not only did the number of cars on the roads immediately drop by 15%, but also the number of people cycling increased by 49%, so people benefitted from cleaner air and more exercise. [III]. In the last decade, the number of vehicles in central London has fallen by a further 30% and plans to reduce the number of parking spaces for cars will probably cause it to drop again. [IV].

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Why has the River Thames received international prizes, according to paragraph A?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

MAKING LONDON HEALTHIER

As the capital of the nation where the Industrial Revolution began, London has suffered badly from the effects of pollution. Recent efforts to make the city cleaner, however, are turning it into one of the world's least polluted major cities.

A. A RIVER FILLED WITH LIFE

For years, the River Thames was a health hazard because of pollution, and in 1957 it was declared biologically deaD. Half a century later, the Thames has won international prizes for rivers that have been restoreD. There are now hundreds of different types of animal and bird feeding on its banks, over 125 different species of fish swimming beneath its surface, and even seals and dolphins have swum up the river from the coast to visit the centre of the city.

B. THE GREAT SMOG

Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, Londoners had become used to suffering from coughs and chest infections caused by smog, which is a combination of smoke and fog. However, when the smog of December 1952 caused four thousand deaths in one week, the government finally realised that something had to be done. A series of 'clean-air' laws were passed to avoid a repeat of the tragedy, and since then the quality of London's air has improved greatly, although there is still plenty of work to do.

C. PAYING TO DRIVE

[I]. At the beginning of the new millennium, because of the number of vehicles, traffic in London was moving at the same speed that it had moved at a hundred years before, when people travelled in horse-drawn carriages: just 16 km/h. [II]. Not only did the number of cars on the roads immediately drop by 15%, but also the number of people cycling increased by 49%, so people benefitted from cleaner air and more exercise. [III]. In the last decade, the number of vehicles in central London has fallen by a further 30% and plans to reduce the number of parking spaces for cars will probably cause it to drop again. [IV].

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Which of the following best summarises paragraph B?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

MAKING LONDON HEALTHIER

As the capital of the nation where the Industrial Revolution began, London has suffered badly from the effects of pollution. Recent efforts to make the city cleaner, however, are turning it into one of the world's least polluted major cities.

A. A RIVER FILLED WITH LIFE

For years, the River Thames was a health hazard because of pollution, and in 1957 it was declared biologically deaD. Half a century later, the Thames has won international prizes for rivers that have been restoreD. There are now hundreds of different types of animal and bird feeding on its banks, over 125 different species of fish swimming beneath its surface, and even seals and dolphins have swum up the river from the coast to visit the centre of the city.

B. THE GREAT SMOG

Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, Londoners had become used to suffering from coughs and chest infections caused by smog, which is a combination of smoke and fog. However, when the smog of December 1952 caused four thousand deaths in one week, the government finally realised that something had to be done. A series of 'clean-air' laws were passed to avoid a repeat of the tragedy, and since then the quality of London's air has improved greatly, although there is still plenty of work to do.

C. PAYING TO DRIVE

[I]. At the beginning of the new millennium, because of the number of vehicles, traffic in London was moving at the same speed that it had moved at a hundred years before, when people travelled in horse-drawn carriages: just 16 km/h. [II]. Not only did the number of cars on the roads immediately drop by 15%, but also the number of people cycling increased by 49%, so people benefitted from cleaner air and more exercise. [III]. In the last decade, the number of vehicles in central London has fallen by a further 30% and plans to reduce the number of parking spaces for cars will probably cause it to drop again. [IV].

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

The word "hazard" in paragraph A is OPPOSITE in meaning to ________

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

MAKING LONDON HEALTHIER

As the capital of the nation where the Industrial Revolution began, London has suffered badly from the effects of pollution. Recent efforts to make the city cleaner, however, are turning it into one of the world's least polluted major cities.

A. A RIVER FILLED WITH LIFE

For years, the River Thames was a health hazard because of pollution, and in 1957 it was declared biologically deaD. Half a century later, the Thames has won international prizes for rivers that have been restoreD. There are now hundreds of different types of animal and bird feeding on its banks, over 125 different species of fish swimming beneath its surface, and even seals and dolphins have swum up the river from the coast to visit the centre of the city.

B. THE GREAT SMOG

Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, Londoners had become used to suffering from coughs and chest infections caused by smog, which is a combination of smoke and fog. However, when the smog of December 1952 caused four thousand deaths in one week, the government finally realised that something had to be done. A series of 'clean-air' laws were passed to avoid a repeat of the tragedy, and since then the quality of London's air has improved greatly, although there is still plenty of work to do.

C. PAYING TO DRIVE

[I]. At the beginning of the new millennium, because of the number of vehicles, traffic in London was moving at the same speed that it had moved at a hundred years before, when people travelled in horse-drawn carriages: just 16 km/h. [II]. Not only did the number of cars on the roads immediately drop by 15%, but also the number of people cycling increased by 49%, so people benefitted from cleaner air and more exercise. [III]. In the last decade, the number of vehicles in central London has fallen by a further 30% and plans to reduce the number of parking spaces for cars will probably cause it to drop again. [IV].

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

MAKING LONDON HEALTHIER

As the capital of the nation where the Industrial Revolution began, London has suffered badly from the effects of pollution. Recent efforts to make the city cleaner, however, are turning it into one of the world's least polluted major cities.

A. A RIVER FILLED WITH LIFE

For years, the River Thames was a health hazard because of pollution, and in 1957 it was declared biologically deaD. Half a century later, the Thames has won international prizes for rivers that have been restoreD. There are now hundreds of different types of animal and bird feeding on its banks, over 125 different species of fish swimming beneath its surface, and even seals and dolphins have swum up the river from the coast to visit the centre of the city.

B. THE GREAT SMOG

Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, Londoners had become used to suffering from coughs and chest infections caused by smog, which is a combination of smoke and fog. However, when the smog of December 1952 caused four thousand deaths in one week, the government finally realised that something had to be done. A series of 'clean-air' laws were passed to avoid a repeat of the tragedy, and since then the quality of London's air has improved greatly, although there is still plenty of work to do.

C. PAYING TO DRIVE

[I]. At the beginning of the new millennium, because of the number of vehicles, traffic in London was moving at the same speed that it had moved at a hundred years before, when people travelled in horse-drawn carriages: just 16 km/h. [II]. Not only did the number of cars on the roads immediately drop by 15%, but also the number of people cycling increased by 49%, so people benefitted from cleaner air and more exercise. [III]. In the last decade, the number of vehicles in central London has fallen by a further 30% and plans to reduce the number of parking spaces for cars will probably cause it to drop again. [IV].

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph B?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

MAKING LONDON HEALTHIER

As the capital of the nation where the Industrial Revolution began, London has suffered badly from the effects of pollution. Recent efforts to make the city cleaner, however, are turning it into one of the world's least polluted major cities.

A. A RIVER FILLED WITH LIFE

For years, the River Thames was a health hazard because of pollution, and in 1957 it was declared biologically deaD. Half a century later, the Thames has won international prizes for rivers that have been restoreD. There are now hundreds of different types of animal and bird feeding on its banks, over 125 different species of fish swimming beneath its surface, and even seals and dolphins have swum up the river from the coast to visit the centre of the city.

B. THE GREAT SMOG

Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, Londoners had become used to suffering from coughs and chest infections caused by smog, which is a combination of smoke and fog. However, when the smog of December 1952 caused four thousand deaths in one week, the government finally realised that something had to be done. A series of 'clean-air' laws were passed to avoid a repeat of the tragedy, and since then the quality of London's air has improved greatly, although there is still plenty of work to do.

C. PAYING TO DRIVE

[I]. At the beginning of the new millennium, because of the number of vehicles, traffic in London was moving at the same speed that it had moved at a hundred years before, when people travelled in horse-drawn carriages: just 16 km/h. [II]. Not only did the number of cars on the roads immediately drop by 15%, but also the number of people cycling increased by 49%, so people benefitted from cleaner air and more exercise. [III]. In the last decade, the number of vehicles in central London has fallen by a further 30% and plans to reduce the number of parking spaces for cars will probably cause it to drop again. [IV].

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

MAKING LONDON HEALTHIER

As the capital of the nation where the Industrial Revolution began, London has suffered badly from the effects of pollution. Recent efforts to make the city cleaner, however, are turning it into one of the world's least polluted major cities.

A. A RIVER FILLED WITH LIFE

For years, the River Thames was a health hazard because of pollution, and in 1957 it was declared biologically deaD. Half a century later, the Thames has won international prizes for rivers that have been restoreD. There are now hundreds of different types of animal and bird feeding on its banks, over 125 different species of fish swimming beneath its surface, and even seals and dolphins have swum up the river from the coast to visit the centre of the city.

B. THE GREAT SMOG

Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, Londoners had become used to suffering from coughs and chest infections caused by smog, which is a combination of smoke and fog. However, when the smog of December 1952 caused four thousand deaths in one week, the government finally realised that something had to be done. A series of 'clean-air' laws were passed to avoid a repeat of the tragedy, and since then the quality of London's air has improved greatly, although there is still plenty of work to do.

C. PAYING TO DRIVE

[I]. At the beginning of the new millennium, because of the number of vehicles, traffic in London was moving at the same speed that it had moved at a hundred years before, when people travelled in horse-drawn carriages: just 16 km/h. [II]. Not only did the number of cars on the roads immediately drop by 15%, but also the number of people cycling increased by 49%, so people benefitted from cleaner air and more exercise. [III]. In the last decade, the number of vehicles in central London has fallen by a further 30% and plans to reduce the number of parking spaces for cars will probably cause it to drop again. [IV].

(Adapted from Friends Global 12)

Which of the following best summarises the passage?