Cho hàm số \(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaahqart1ev3aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaabm % aabaGaamiEaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaiabg2da9iaadIhadaahaaWcbeqa % aiaaiodaaaGccqGHsislcaaIZaGaamiEamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaa % aakiabgUcaRiaaikdaaaa!4194! f\left( x \right) = {x^3} - 3{x^2} + 2\) có đồ thị là đường cong trong hình bên.
Hỏi phương trình \(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaahqart1ev3aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaaca % WG4bWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIZaaaaOGaeyOeI0IaaG4maiaadIhadaah % aaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaGccqGHRaWkcaaIYaaacaGLOaGaayzkaaWaaW % baaSqabeaacaaIZaaaaOGaeyOeI0IaaG4mamaabmaabaGaamiEamaa % CaaaleqabaGaaG4maaaakiabgkHiTiaaiodacaWG4bWaaWbaaSqabe % aacaaIYaaaaOGaey4kaSIaaGOmaaGaayjkaiaawMcaamaaCaaaleqa % baGaaGOmaaaakiabgUcaRiaaikdacqGH9aqpcaaIWaaaaa!4E47! {\left( {{x^3} - 3{x^2} + 2} \right)^3} - 3{\left( {{x^3} - 3{x^2} + 2} \right)^2} + 2 = 0\) có bao nhiêu nghiệm thực phân biệt?
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Lời giải:
Báo saiXét phương trình \(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaahqart1ev3aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaaca % WG4bWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIZaaaaOGaeyOeI0IaaG4maiaadIhadaah % aaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaGccqGHRaWkcaaIYaaacaGLOaGaayzkaaWaaW % baaSqabeaacaaIZaaaaOGaeyOeI0IaaG4mamaabmaabaGaamiEamaa % CaaaleqabaGaaG4maaaakiabgkHiTiaaiodacaWG4bWaaWbaaSqabe % aacaaIYaaaaOGaey4kaSIaaGOmaaGaayjkaiaawMcaamaaCaaaleqa % baGaaGOmaaaakiabgUcaRiaaikdacqGH9aqpcaaIWaaaaa!4E47! {\left( {{x^3} - 3{x^2} + 2} \right)^3} - 3{\left( {{x^3} - 3{x^2} + 2} \right)^2} + 2 = 0\) (1)
Đặt \(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaahqart1ev3aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiDaiabg2 % da9iaadIhadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaiodaaaGccqGHsislcaaIZaGaamiE % amaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiabgUcaRiaaikdaaaa!3F1C! t = {x^3} - 3{x^2} + 2\) (*) thì trở thành \(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaahqart1ev3aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiDamaaCa % aaleqabaGaaG4maaaakiabgkHiTiaaiodacaWG0bWaaWbaaSqabeaa % caaIYaaaaOGaey4kaSIaaGOmaiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa!3ED5! {t^3} - 3{t^2} + 2 = 0\) (2)
Theo đồ thị ta có (2) có ba nghiệm phân biệt \(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaahqart1ev3aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaamqaaqaabe % qaaiaadshacqGH9aqpcaaIXaaabaGaamiDaiabg2da9iaaigdacqGH % sisldaGcaaqaaiaaiodaaSqabaaakeaacaWG0bGaeyypa0JaaGymai % abgUcaRmaakaaabaGaaG4maaWcbeaaaaGccaGLBbaaaaa!42B8! \left[ \begin{array}{l} t = 1\\ t = 1 - \sqrt 3 \\ t = 1 + \sqrt 3 \end{array} \right.\)
Từ đồ thị hàm số ta có
+\(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaahqart1ev3aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiDaiabg2 % da9iaaigdacqGHiiIZdaqadaqaaiabgkHiTiaaikdacaGG7aGaaGOm % aaGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa!3EDF! t = 1 \in \left( { - 2;2} \right)\)(*) có ba nghiệm phân biệt
+ \(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaahqart1ev3aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiDaiabg2 % da9iaaigdacqGHsisldaGcaaqaaiaaiodaaSqabaGccqGHiiIZdaqa % daqaaiabgkHiTiaaikdacaGG7aGaaGOmaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa!40AE! t = 1 - \sqrt 3 \in \left( { - 2;2} \right)\) nên (*) có ba nghiệm phân biệt (khác ba nghiệm khi t = 1)
+ \(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaahqart1ev3aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiDaiabg2 % da9iaaigdacqGHRaWkdaGcaaqaaiaaiodaaSqabaGccqGH+aGpcaaI % Yaaaaa!3C36! t = 1 + \sqrt 3 > 2\) nên (*) có đúng một nghiệm
Vậy phương trình đã cho có 7 nghiệm phân biệt
Nhận xét: Với mỗi giá trị t , học sinh có thể sử dụng máy tính bỏ túi để thử nghiệm
Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp THPT QG môn Toán năm 2020
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