To many people the idea of graffiti has negative images and responses. If the drawings are done on surfaces without permission, it is thought of as vandalism. And in many instances, a crime. In most countries of the world graffiti, not only has negative connotations but is also considered illegal. One of the reasons is that graffiti is placed on buildings and property not owned by the painter. And where it is applied without (i) _______ , it is usually done quickly W’ith products such as permanent markers and spray paint. Historically, though, graffiti was important to the Romans because it was a way of expressing the knowledge they had as a people as well as a way of expressing their appreciation of beauty of (ii) _______      subjects. Today, tourists can see for themselves examples of ancient graffiti when they visit the catacombs in Rome or Pompeii. Modem graffiti is considered an art form, but it is one whichis greatly misunderstood by most people. In the 1970s, when the punk rock movement was big, many of the anti­establishment groups wrote and drew on walls and other surfaces to draw attention to their cause, group, or agenda. A lot of bands also used graffiti to (iii) _______ recognition and notoriety. For about a (iv) _______ of a century, from the mid 1960s to the late 1980s, graffiti was considered in its prime as an art form. In urban areas, graffiti could be seen on the walls of vacant buildings, on subway station walls, and on the subway cars themselves. Political activities used the medium to transmit their messages because it was an easy and inexpensive way to do (v) _______.

(ii)______

The Christian Church split up at the (i) _______ of the 12th century because some technical differences. It got divided after important churchmen could not agree on which calendar to use when calculating religious holidays. The head of the Western Christian Church was the Pope in Rome. He is (ii) _______ the leader of this Church (iii) _______  is now called the Roman Church or the Catholic Church.

Catholics use the more modem Gregorian calendar to calculate religious holidays. Pope Gregory XIII devised the Gregorian calendar in order to simplify the ancient Julian calendar invented by the Roman Emperor Julius Caesar. According to the Gregorian calendar, Easter (iv) _______ anytime from Mareh 22nd to April 25lh. Therefore, in some years, Catholic and Orthodox Easter are a month apart while in (v) _______ years, they fall right on the same date.

(v)______

The USA has seen a steady stream of immigrants (i) ______  into their country over the past few centuries. While in the beginning, most immigrants came from Ireland or Germany, current immigrants originates mostly from Central America and less developed South East Asian territories. (ii) ______  , the country that has supplied the largest number of immigrants to the US is Mexico, with over 8,500,000 people moving into their new country in 2004 alone. The figure is expected to rise by almost a quarter in 2010. China and India place second and third, (iii) ______  contributing a whopping 1,600,000 and 1,250,000 respectively (iv) ______  the United States’ population growth, and (v) ______   current uncommonly large trends continue, it is estimated that 3,000,000 people from both countries will immigrate to the USA over the next five years.

(iv)_____

The battle was on, and the Canadians delivered. After (i) ________ minor step errors by Sikharulidze, Sale and Pelletier gave a mesmerizing performance and people were expecting them to win. The shock came when 4 (ii) ________ 5 judges placed the Canadians in second place. The public booed as the gracious, yet the confused pair accepted their silver medal. An official protest was launched and, following the results of a formal investigation, it was determined that the French judge had been pressured into giving the highest mark to the Russian skaters in return for a win of the French couple Marina Anissina and Gwcndal Pcizcrat in the ice dancing competition. The judge at (iii) ________ was promptly suspended, and a second gold medal was awarded to the Canadian team. A new marking system was (iv) ________  place in order to (v) ________ any future possibilities for misconduct.

(iii)_____

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the blanks.
But soon______ , one or two directors had some original new ideas.

Liza Cooke works (i) _______ vso, a voluntary charity organization. For the last three years she (ii) _______ English in a primary school in a small village in Nigeria. Before that she lived with her parents in a semi-detached house in Croydon, and worked in an office in north London. Her life changed dramatically after she decided to join vso as a volunteer worker. “I used to travel to work every day by train. The journey would take between forty minutes and an hour. Now it only takes me a few minutes. I used to work in a large office with about thirty other people. Now 1 teach classes of up to fifty children. I still work (iii)         _______  well, more or less. The classroom has walls but no windows! I used to hale my office job. It was so boring. But teaching is so different -I really enjoy it. Of course, working in an office and living at home (iv) _______ that I had a lot of free time. I would go out every night of the week and enjoy myself. I never stayed at home. Now 1 find 1 have hardly (v) _______ free time, but I don’t mind. I seem to spend most of my free time doing

(V)______

Every country has its own traditions, some of which have existed for centuries. In my opinion, we should do everything possible to preserve them. Some people think that in today’s high-tech world, traditional celebrations are too old-fashioned and (i) _______ to our lives. However, events such as Carnival, are important, as they bring communities together and make US think about other people and not just computers. (ii) _______ argument against traditional festivals is that they are expensive to organise. To some extent this is true, particularly when there are firework (iii) _______ or parades. On the other hand, it is a small price to pay for brightening up our lives with entertainment and colour. Moreover, celebrations like the ‘Fallas’ in my home town of Valencia attract many tourists and their money. Finally, although 1 agree that some traditional customs (iv) _______ their original significance, they can provide an opportunity for US to learn about our past. For example, Bonfire Night teaches British children about a particular period of their country’s history. To conclude, traditional celebrations are a source of great pleasure and interest, and they are certainly (v) _______ keeping

(iii)_____

It would fall (i) _______ the shoulders of the rulers of the Middle Kingdom to restore Egypt’s former glory and herald the beginning of the classical era. After a century of civil war, the southern warrior princes of Thebes defeated their northern rivals in Hcraklciopolis and were responsible for placing Egypt under one single ruler. Under the 11th Dynasty, Egypt’s capital was moved from Memphis to Thebes, while the local god Amun of Karnak gained significant status and (ii) _______ up replacing Ra as the main god. Pharaoh Mentuhotep (2008 – 1957 BC) continued the tradition of building royal and religious structures With the construction of a funerary temple in Thebes. (iii) _______  pharaohs kept strengthening the royal administration, reclaiming land for agricultural purposes and (iv) _______ art and classical literature. The energetic and capable Amcncmhct III established new trading routes by digging a canal to connect the Nile river with the Red Sea just as Senwosret III consolidated and expanded Egypt’s borders to include (v) _______ fertile territories as Nubia, Sudan and Canaan

(ii)_____

Those new students hope _______in the school’s sports activities.

There are 10 teams involved, each team having 2 drivers. (i) ________  teams are Renault, Ferrari, Mercedes-Benz, Honda and Toyota. These teams built (ii) ________ the car and its engine. Formula One also has a constructor’s championship for the team that builds the best car. The cars are much smaller and narrower because. Formula One is not run on speed tracks (iii) ________ on circuits and sometimes on closed city streets. The drivers must be more technical and skilled on these types of tracks. Some circuits, like the ones in Monaco, are very tight, and it is hard to overtake there. Circuits such as Monza, Italy, or Germany, are very fast and wide. Cars reach (iv) ________  200 mph, and the engines have (v) ________ 750 horsepower.

(v)____

SOME GOLDEN TIPS FOR MANAGING STRESS

Notice what makes you feel very anxious. Face your anxieties.
See what you can change in those areas (i)_______ you are doing too much.
Are you (ii) ______ to things? Is it necessary to get so upset/ anxious / angry?
Are you breathing too fast? Slow, deep breathing helps you relax.
Try using some relaxation techniques (iii) ______ yoga or biofeedback. They can be very useful inhelping you relax.

(iii)____

Martha loved Mt. Vernon and longed for a life of privacy but when duty (i) _______ her husband to command the Revolutionary War troops. Martha accepted her role with understanding and compassion. During the Revolutionary war, Martha remained at Mt. Vernon for long periods of time while her husband was commanding that Continental Army. She knitted socks for the soldiers, organized sewing societies to make needed items, and tried to raise money for the benefit of the troops. When her husband became (ii) _______ while the troops were camped at Morristown, Martha bravely made the trip to nurse him back to health. One winter while the American troops camped at Valley Forge, Martha made the long, arduous trip to Valley Forge. She did not go, (iii) _______, until she had been inoculated for smallpox. The inoculation, itself very dangerous, was the only option for Martha as she believed that without it she could die from the disease itself. Her deep love for her husband and her strong commitment to the American cause were the reasons why Martha received the inoculation as well as why she made the trip to the soldiers’ winter camp. During her visit to Valley Forge, Martha visited with the soldiers, cared for them and consoled them. She also continued to sew, (iv) _______,and make bandages needed for the wounded. Martha continued to organize volunteer groups of women to assist in the war effort, too. And she entertained the other officers and their wives who were in camp. As the fighting came (v)__________ _______ to where her husband’s soldiers were camped, Martha returned to Mt. Vernon to continue her efforts to support the American cause.

(iii)______

The origins of golf have been debated for quite a long time, but the Scots get the credit for practicing the sport sometime during the 15th century. Reports dating back to the Song Dynasty as early as the 10lh century (i) ________ that the Chinese nobility also used (ii) ________ a game named “chuiwan” by means of 10 different clubs, a game which later must have been imported to Europe during the Middle Ages by Mongolian travellers. Regardless of these claims, however, it remains a fact (iii) ________ the game of golf players as we know it over a distance of 18 holes is of Scottish descent. Thus a golf course is a tract of land that includes up to 18 or 19 holes, but (iv) ________ less than 9. A hole designates both the open in the ground into which a golf ball is displaced, as well as the total distance from the tee, or the starting point, to the green, or the grassy area surrounding the actual hole, which is also termed a cup. The bar of grill of the clubhouse where most golfers meet at the end of a game is referred to in colloquial terms (v) ________ “the 19th hotel”.

(iii)______

Vincent Van Gogh is a very famous painter from the 19th century. Van Gogh’s paintings are sold at very high prices because many collectors want his paintings. But unfortunately, when he was (i) _______ he did not have a happy life. Van Gogh was from a poor family in Holland and lived (ii) _______ his life at home. He lived a rather sad and (iii) _______ life. He drew things that he could sec cither around the quiet town of his parents’ home or outside his window. This was why he painted things like the sky, his room and even himself. Van Gogh once cut off his own car after drawing a picture of himself. He cut it off to show the person that said the ear in Van Gogh’s painting was not correct. It was very (iv) _______ him to do such a thing. Van Gogh was also (v) _______ a crazy man. He really did become crazy, and was sent to a mental hospital. Sadly, he killed himself when he was just 37.

(ii)____

Trends in worldwide energy use point up an urgent need to expedite the development of technology that can wean the world % from fossil fuels. Many experts contend that the recent increases in the price of oil will not be followed, as in the past, by an casing off after a year or two. Even if that were not the ease, the world would have to be concerned about inevitable constraints on supply. Gasoline and diesel engines in motor vehicles consume the (i) _______ majority of fossil fuel used outside power generation. The only technology currently in the pipeline for rescuing transportation from a very serious oil crunch is (ii)  _______ vehicles operating with hydrogen fuel-cell engines. Private industry, long a mere bystander in the development of the hydrogen economy, is now (iii) _______ the way to develop affordable and environmentally desirable hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles. The United States government is spending about $ 100 million per year for researeh on hydrogen vehicles and hydrogen-slorage technology. Major automobile manufactures claim they will have (iv) _______ hydrogen cars by 2015. These cars, it should be noted, will produce no greenhouse gases. Like any new fuel technology, hydrogen will require infrastructure. Plants to generate usable hydrogen, pipelines to move it, and depots in which to store it, must be put in place. Stations for refilling a vehicle’s hydrogen tank must be as common as ordinary gas stations before many consumers will venture onto the open road with hydrogen cars, yet this is not an unrealistic scenario. Most probably, existing oil and gasoline infrastructure can be affordably – and incrementally – (v) _______ to hydrogen infrastructure.

(iii)_____-

River travel was inexpensive and quicker than land travel in Egypt. Some of the river traffic was conducted (i) ________ the purpose of importing exotic products such as ivory, gold, and ostrich feathers from faraway lands. But with riches (ii) ________ potential trouble. The river was not only home to fishermen and shipbuilders but was also home to some unsavoury individuals. Because the Nile became a ma jor trade route (iii) ________ ancient times, those who wanted to pick the pockets of the traders were specialized in piracy and theft. The pharaohs used the Nile to transport stones to build their majestic Pyramids and to carry necessities for their after-life which would furnish their tombs. They also used the Nile to sail their funeral boats up and down the river to the burial sites. Sometimes full-sized boats were buried with the pharaohs to help them with their journey in their after-life but when the tradition became too (iv) ________, models of the boats were placed in the tombs (v) ________.

(iii)____

During the last 400 years, most scientists have based on mathematics in their development of their inventions or discoveries. However, one great British scientist, Michael Faraday, did not make (i) _______ of mathematics. Faraday, the son of a poor blacksmith, was born in London in 1971 and had no (ii)  _______  beyond reading and writing. In 1812, Faraday was hired as a bottle washer by a great chemist Humphry Davy. Later, Faraday became a greater scientist than Davy, making the last years of Davy’s life embittered (iii) _______ jealousy. Faraday made the first (iv) _______  motor in 1821, a device that used electricity to produce movement. Then Faraday became interested in the relationship between electricity and magnetism. In 1831, he discovered that when a magnet is moved near a wire, electricity flows in the wire. With this discovery, he produced a machine for making electricity called a dynamo. Faraday then went on to show how electricity affects chemical substances. Because Faraday believed that money should be given to the poor, when he grew old, he was destitute. (v) _______, Queen Victoria rewarded him for his discoveries by giving him a stipend and a house. He died in 1867.

(i)______

As Key watched the British open fire on Fort McHenry, the massive fort which guarded the harbor, he caught a (i) ________  of the American flag flying in the breeze as cannon volleys caused flashes of gunfire and rising smoke all around the nation’s symbol. As the sun slid behind the edge of the earth and darkness fell, Key watched, waited, and worried as the bombardment continued. He was unable to leam – or even guess – what was transpiring in front of his eyes because he could only see the flashes sent forth by the cannons and gunfire as they targeted the huge fort (ii) ________  that very dark night. In the early morning hours, as Key peered out over the horizon toward the fort’s ramparts to try to determine what had happened during that long night, he saw the glorious sight of the American flag still flying in the breeze. The battle was over. Fort McHenry had withstood the attack. And the flag was still there. The British naval officers permitted Key and the other Americans (iii) ________  to shore, and as he did Key began scribbling furiously on a (iv) ________  of paper the words he believed described the bombardment of Fort McHenry and the thrill he felt after the battle when he saw the American flag still waving in the breeze. Key wrote about the events in verse and within a short time, the Words were put to music. Unofficially, the song became the national Anthem and in 1931, more than a hundred years after the battle at Ft.McHrnry in 1814, the United States Congress passed a law which formally (v) ________  the song as the national anthem.

(iv)____

(i) _______ history, women have always aimed for a recognized place in society. Guided by their own (ii) _______ of knowledge and expertise, women like Marie Curie in science, Mary Wollstonecraft in literary writing, Simone de Beauvois in philosophical existentialist debate, and Marie Stopes in medicine, to name a few, have brought about an awareness of the role of the women in any walks of life. These women have helped redefine and (iii) _______ the nature of women’s place in society. Today the (iv) _______  of global women’s organizations and the impact of women’s contributions (v) _______  society show that progress has been made and the progress in furthering the role of women in society has been some benefit to the individual woman. It is true to say that not all women have the same need.

(v)_______

Dear Mr Hill,

With (i) _______ to your advertisement in the Educational Gazette, I would like to (ii) _______ one of the scholarships your Trust is offering to students who wish to continue their studies at a British university. I am 22 years old and have just graduated in English Philology from the Complutense University in Madrid, Spain. I am very interested in doing a Master’s degree in English literature. My (iii) _______ interest is the English playwright Arnold Wesker. However, it is almost impossible for me to study Wesker here in Spain, as he is not very well-known. I would really need to come to Britain. Unfortunately, the (iv) _______ of university fees in your country makes that almost impossible. I would also be living away from home. My parents could contribute so mething towards my keep but that is all. My level of English is good I passed the TOEFL iBT test last year with a score of 106.

I hope you will (v) _______ my application.

Yours sincerely,

(v)___

Self-control and emotional regulation requires a lot of practice and will power, but is proven to lead to more success later in life. Scientific studies have demonstrated that children who (i) ______ able to resist temptation and control their impulses grow into socially more competent, confident and assertive adults, while their counterparts are (ii) ______ to become more stubborn, (iii) ______ and stressed.

Refusing to give in to the pleasure of the moment in order to pursue a higher long-term goal is a sign of maturity and certain indicator of success. The final ingredient in ssthe overall make-up of one’s emotional intelligence is (iv) ______, or the ability to understand and react to other people’s feelings. An individual with strong interpersonal skills is more likely to have a large social network that he can rely on (v) ______ something should go wrong. It has been ascertained that people with many friends and acquaintances have in easier al finding a new job than those who lead a solitary life.

(iii)______