We are using up the world’s petroleum. We use (i) _______ in our cars and to heat our building in winter. Farmers use petrochemicals to make the soil rich. They use them to kill insects (ii) _______ eat plants. These chemicals go into rivers and lakes and kill the fish there. Thousands of pollutants also go into the air and pollute it. Winds carry this (iii) _______ air to other countries and other continents. Poor farmers use the same land over and over. The land needs a rest, so it will be better next year. However, the farmers must have food this year. In some areas when the trees are gone, the land (iv) _______ desert. The people and the nations of the world must work together to (v) _______ the world’s resources.

(iv)______

Think of a triangle when you think of the structure of the U.S. federal court system. The federal court system’s structure, when (i) _______ as a triangle, is easy to understand. At the lowest level, or the base of the triangle, are the trial courts which are called the District Courts. The next level contains the Circuit Courts of Appeals, and at the top of the triangle is the United States Supreme Court. Article III of the United States Constitution establishes the federal court system. The document provides for the Supreme Court, (ii) _______ court of the country, and the Constitution is considered the supreme law of the land.

The Constitution also provides that other inferior tribunals shall be established. The word “inferior’ in this sense means “lesser”or “lower” and even though the names or duties of the inferior tribunals are not spelled (iii) _______ in the Constitution, these courts have been established by Congress. The inferior tribunals are the District Courts and the Circuit Courts of Appeals. The Constitution also establishes special courts to (iv) _______ special types of eases. One types of special court is the court that deals with issues involving patents and one special court is the Bankruptcy Court. (v) _______, the Constitution explains that federal judges, who are appointed by the President, will serve during a term of good behavior.

(ii)_____

Martha loved Mt. Vernon and longed for a life of privacy but when duty (i) _______ her husband to command the Revolutionary War troops. Martha accepted her role with understanding and compassion. During the Revolutionary war, Martha remained at Mt. Vernon for long periods of time while her husband was commanding that Continental Army. She knitted socks for the soldiers, organized sewing societies to make needed items, and tried to raise money for the benefit of the troops. When her husband became (ii) _______ while the troops were camped at Morristown, Martha bravely made the trip to nurse him back to health. One winter while the American troops camped at Valley Forge, Martha made the long, arduous trip to Valley Forge. She did not go, (iii) _______, until she had been inoculated for smallpox. The inoculation, itself very dangerous, was the only option for Martha as she believed that without it she could die from the disease itself. Her deep love for her husband and her strong commitment to the American cause were the reasons why Martha received the inoculation as well as why she made the trip to the soldiers’ winter camp. During her visit to Valley Forge, Martha visited with the soldiers, cared for them and consoled them. She also continued to sew, (iv) _______,and make bandages needed for the wounded. Martha continued to organize volunteer groups of women to assist in the war effort, too. And she entertained the other officers and their wives who were in camp. As the fighting came (v)__________ _______ to where her husband’s soldiers were camped, Martha returned to Mt. Vernon to continue her efforts to support the American cause.

(ii)______

Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, is a city of contrasts. It is an exciting, (i) _______ , modem city and, at the same time, a city that is full of history. The streets of Bangkok are usually noisy and have too many people. Some people are selling food; (ii) _______  are selling clothing, cassette tapes, flowers, or souvenirs. Visitors love the river markets, the beautiful temples and arehitecture, and the nightlife. They also enjoy the food, the shopping, and the friendly Thai people. (iii) _______ seems to smile there. Most of the year, Bangkok is hotter than any other capital city in Asia, but from December to February, the weather is not as warm and so it is much more comfortable. Actually, it’s an interesting city to visit at any time of the year. The shopping is excellent, and the prices are not as high as in many other large cities in Southeast Asia. There is always so much to do in Bangkok any time of the day or night – (iv) _______ watching Thai dancing or boxing to taking a boat trip on the river or trying some of the delicious and spicy food. And if you get (v) _______ the city and want fewer crowds, there are beautiful beaches only two hours away by bus.

(v)_____

As Key watched the British open fire on Fort McHenry, the massive fort which guarded the harbor, he caught a (i) ________  of the American flag flying in the breeze as cannon volleys caused flashes of gunfire and rising smoke all around the nation’s symbol. As the sun slid behind the edge of the earth and darkness fell, Key watched, waited, and worried as the bombardment continued. He was unable to leam – or even guess – what was transpiring in front of his eyes because he could only see the flashes sent forth by the cannons and gunfire as they targeted the huge fort (ii) ________  that very dark night. In the early morning hours, as Key peered out over the horizon toward the fort’s ramparts to try to determine what had happened during that long night, he saw the glorious sight of the American flag still flying in the breeze. The battle was over. Fort McHenry had withstood the attack. And the flag was still there. The British naval officers permitted Key and the other Americans (iii) ________  to shore, and as he did Key began scribbling furiously on a (iv) ________  of paper the words he believed described the bombardment of Fort McHenry and the thrill he felt after the battle when he saw the American flag still waving in the breeze. Key wrote about the events in verse and within a short time, the Words were put to music. Unofficially, the song became the national Anthem and in 1931, more than a hundred years after the battle at Ft.McHrnry in 1814, the United States Congress passed a law which formally (v) ________  the song as the national anthem.

(ii)____

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions: 

You should put yourself on the back for having achieved such a high score in the graduation exam. 

I am late, _________? 

Scientists therefore agree that it is (i) ________ spread of global warming before it is too late. Solar radiation and volcanic emissions (ii) ________ produce natural global warming. Yet. the major responsibility for turning global warming into a potential dangerous activity falls on humans. Ever since the Industrial Revolution, the burning of fossil fuels to power cars and generate electricity (iii) ________ to the ever-increasing emission of toxic carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. These gases trap heat and lead to the formation of the so-called greenhouse effect, which in turn (iv) ________ global temperatures. Only decisive government measures will curb down and limit the growth of this destructive (v) ________ on our planet.

(v)______

SOME GOLDEN TIPS FOR MANAGING STRESS

Notice what makes you feel very anxious. Face your anxieties.
See what you can change in those areas (i)_______ you are doing too much.
Are you (ii) ______ to things? Is it necessary to get so upset/ anxious / angry?
Are you breathing too fast? Slow, deep breathing helps you relax.
Try using some relaxation techniques (iii) ______ yoga or biofeedback. They can be very useful inhelping you relax.

(i)____-

Get strong! (iv) ______ you are not too fat. Don’t drink too much coffee or alcohol. Do you need to smoke so much or even at all? Exercise three or four times a week, but don’t exercise too much. It can be bad for you.

Don’t forget your friends. They can give you very (v) _______ support and help, as you can them.

Are the years you (i) ________ at school the best years of your life? Personally, I found most lessons rather uninteresting. We had to sit at our desks in silence and (ii) ________ attention. The teachers used to  write on the blackboard and ask US difficult questions. We also had to do lots of homework, and (iii) ________ it in on time. We had to wear a school uniform, and wc had to obey lots of rules. I left school as soon as I could and started work. I read books al the public library, and later I decided to (iv) ________ college. I really enjoyed studying because I was older and knew that I wanted some (v) ________  When I was at school, I was just the wrong age!

(iv)_____

The Amazon rainforest is in very big danger of disappearing. 9,169 square miles of forest (i) _______ down in 2003 in Brazil (ii) _______. An area of the size of a football field is burned down basically every minute, which means that the rain forest may be gone by the year 2030. The dangers related to this type of activity are very obvious. Trees (iii) _______ poisonous carbon dioxide from the air and give off oxygen. There is more oxygen and (iv) _______ carbon dioxide around a rainforest. When trees are cut down, however, the amount of carbon dioxide increases and the air gets wanner. This leads to global wanning, which is extremely harmful to the environment. (v) _______ is estimated that the burning of Brazilian rainforests alone produces 200 million metric tones of carbon dioxide a year.

(iv)_____

Are the years you (i) ________ at school the best years of your life? Personally, I found most lessons rather uninteresting. We had to sit at our desks in silence and (ii) ________ attention. The teachers used to  write on the blackboard and ask US difficult questions. We also had to do lots of homework, and (iii) ________ it in on time. We had to wear a school uniform, and wc had to obey lots of rules. I left school as soon as I could and started work. I read books al the public library, and later I decided to (iv) ________ college. I really enjoyed studying because I was older and knew that I wanted some (v) ________  When I was at school, I was just the wrong age!

(i)_____-

Do you think you could _______ this work with me some time, Peter? 

Precision and uniformity of movement are two characteristics of step-dancing which most people recognize. And (i) _______ traditional step-dancing does not pennit the use of hands, some of the more modem versions allow it. Before the early 1900s, though, step-dancers often performed their synchronized movement while dancing with their hands on their hips. That trend has somewhat faded and now most step-dancing is done with the participants’ arms held firmly down to their sides and their hands made into a fist. The straight, clean lines of the body add to the impression (ii) _______ it is the intricacy of the foot work which is the most important aspect of the presentation. Chorus line dancing, which is another variation or type of line dancing, was an extremely popular way that dancing and elegance were included in movie productions for several years. Today fewer scenes of chorus lines (iii) _______  inmovies, but many movies with “Western” or “country” themes include modem forms of line dancing. Many people simply refer to the modem type of dancing as “line dancing” but (iv) _______ whether it has a special name, modem line dancing is usually associated with a country and western theme. With modem line dancing, there may only be one line or there can be several. Sometimes, when there is more than one line, the lines lace in the same direction with one line being in back of the other, but sometimes the lines face each other. This type of dancing docs not always require interaction between dancers, and the dancers often move independently from each other. But the beauty of this dance form permits interaction, like weaving in and out of different lines, if the dancers desire. And sometimes the dancers even may make contact with each other if clapping becomes part of their (v) _______.

(v)____

Instead of throwing in the towel, Shakira kept her focus on music and participated (i)  ______  a televised singing competition for children, (ii) ______  she started being invited to various events in Barranquilla and became a local celebrity. When she turned 13, she caught the eye of theatre producer Monica Ariza, who took her under her wing and made her name (iii) ______  outside Barranquilla. On a flight from her hometown to the Colombian capital of Bogota, Ariza happened to sit next to Sony executive C’iro Vargas, who agreed to hold an audition for Shakira a few weeks later inside a hotel lobby. Vargas was (iv) ______  impressed with the budding new artist and praised her in lavish terms to the Sony artist directors. They, (v) ______  , were less excited and thought Shakira was a “lost cause’’ until Vargas tricked them into a surprise audition with the singer at a bar in Bogota, which resulted in Shakira’s signing a deal with Sony for three recorded albums.

(v)_____

(i) _______ history, women have always aimed for a recognized place in society. Guided by their own (ii) _______ of knowledge and expertise, women like Marie Curie in science, Mary Wollstonecraft in literary writing, Simone de Beauvois in philosophical existentialist debate, and Marie Stopes in medicine, to name a few, have brought about an awareness of the role of the women in any walks of life. These women have helped redefine and (iii) _______ the nature of women’s place in society. Today the (iv) _______  of global women’s organizations and the impact of women’s contributions (v) _______  society show that progress has been made and the progress in furthering the role of women in society has been some benefit to the individual woman. It is true to say that not all women have the same need.

(iv)_______

Instead of _______about the good news, Tom seemed to be indifferent.

You have got a new car, _________? 

People from all cultures and civilizations are also (i) _______ with numbers, dates and festival days. In North America, the number 13 is considered (ii) _______ unlucky that often high-rise buildings do not have a 13th floor and the apartment that should be number 13 is given another number. There is no clear reason behind this superstition, (iii) _______ there is evidence for a pathological fear of the number 13, called triskaidekaphobia. Conversely, in Japan, Korea and China, the number 4 is the one bringing bad luck since the character for this number, ‘shi’ sounds like the word ‘death’. Yet all cultures seem to agree (iv)  _______the importance of New Year’s Day. Virtually all countries have rituals surrounding this first day of the year to (v)________ good luck for the future.

(iii)_______

Special effects, abbreviated SPFX or SPF, are a (i) _______ enhancing and intensifying the impact a filmed scene has on its audience in order to create an optical illusion which would render that particular image undistinguishable (ii) _______  reality. Special effects engineers have at their disposal a (iii) _______ number of techniques, ranging from traditional theatre effects to sophisticated photography and modem computer graphics, which are often used in one single shot (iv) _______ create the desired effect.

Most special effects are employed to obtain effects that cannot (v) _______ by normal means, such as intcrgalactic battles or space travelling; others are substituted for more expensive real-life effects, such as high-blast explosions, while others still are there to recreate the particular atmosphere of long- ago times, such as restoring the arehitectural splendour of a princely castle.

(iv)______

Every country has its own traditions, some of which have existed for centuries. In my opinion, we should do everything possible to preserve them. Some people think that in today’s high-tech world, traditional celebrations are too old-fashioned and (i) _______ to our lives. However, events such as Carnival, are important, as they bring communities together and make US think about other people and not just computers. (ii) _______ argument against traditional festivals is that they are expensive to organise. To some extent this is true, particularly when there are firework (iii) _______ or parades. On the other hand, it is a small price to pay for brightening up our lives with entertainment and colour. Moreover, celebrations like the ‘Fallas’ in my home town of Valencia attract many tourists and their money. Finally, although 1 agree that some traditional customs (iv) _______ their original significance, they can provide an opportunity for US to learn about our past. For example, Bonfire Night teaches British children about a particular period of their country’s history. To conclude, traditional celebrations are a source of great pleasure and interest, and they are certainly (v) _______ keeping

(ii)_____