________ recipe for _________ success is _________ hard work. 

Years ago there were many social rules and etiquette procedures involving introductions. Some formal introductions between two people were (i) _______ by letter by third party. A person had to be very careful to weigh the importance of social class or status, age, and gender when deciding (ii) _______  person should be presented or introduced to the other person first. However, times have changed, and most of the social rules about introducing older people to younger ones, women to men, and those in higher positions to those in lower positions have changed, too. Many people now feel much more (iii) _______ about making introductions. In most situations, handshaking is (iv) _______ , but these days it is more often done than not-especially in formal social or business settings. It’s very common for one person (or both) to extend a hand when meeting someone. If you are in this situation, and you are offered a hand to shake, you should grasp it firmly and shake it briefly. People often tend to make some (v) _______ about someone according to their handshakes, so make sure yours is not too weak or limp, not too hard, and not too long-lasting. It should be firm and brief.

(v)_______

Choose the correct answer to complete the sentence. "Anna advised me ______ more to keep fit"

The Thames Barrier is a major part of the flood defence scheme for protecting London (i) _______ rising water levels. The defenses also include raised river embankments and additional flood gates at strategic points, including the Barking Barrier. The unique structure that is the Barrier spans the 520- melre wide Woolwich reach and consists of 10 separate movable gates, each pivoting and supporting between concrete structures which house the operating machinery. When raising, the four main gates (ii) _______stand as high as a five-storey building and as wide as the opening of Tower Bridge. Each weighs 3700 tones. During the first twelve years of (iii) _______, the Barrier has been closed twenty nine times to protect London. You can (iv) _______ the Barrier from the comfortable Cafeteria, picnic on the riverside embankment. Enjoy beautiful views from the riverside walk. Visit the shop which stocks a large selection of souvenirs, books and Barrier information. There is a children’s play area suitable for 4- to 12- year olds, located adjacent to the riverside walk. A visit to the spectacular Thames Barrier is a (v) _______experience

(iv)______.

In Britain these days, it seems even very young children hope to wear a Calvin Klein watch or Nike trainers. Fashion experts claim that brand names have become so important that their followers (i) _____  to be able to buy the company’s products no matter what. In an (ii) _____  to get people to buy, these companies’ symbols are used so extensively that they have become more important than the products themselves. In a recent survey of British teenagers, only one out of 60 would admit that they did not own any designer clothes of the (iii) _____ fashion. The survey also revealed that a staggering 60 percent are willing to spend the same (iv)    of money on one designer item as on two non – designer items which might do harm to their image. Some people argue that on the whole, designer labels offer a guarantee of quality, but 35 per cent said they would rather buy counterfeit designer wear than a non – label item of clothing. The survey suggests that we have less real choice in what we buy than we might think. The media make the decisions about what is in fashion, and so a whole generation is trying to (v) _____ smart by wearing identically labeled trainers, jeans, shirts and sweatshirts.

(v)______

The new manager  .......  very strict rules as soon as he had taken over the position.

Long ago, Chinese people didn’t say “How are you” when they met each other or saw their friends. They said, “(i) _____ you eaten your rice today?”. Eating rice (ii) _____ such an important part of daily life in China! Rice is still one of the (iii) _____ important kinds of food in the modem world. Nearly half the people that live on our planet eat it every day and in some countries, an adult eats more than 100 kilos of rice each year. We think that people first (iv) rice in India. In China, people began eating rice about 5,000 years ago. Rice wasn’t eaten in North America until 17th century, but many Americans prefer to cat pasta these days (v) _____ only cat about 2 kilos of rice per year.

(iv)___

Parents whose children show a special interest in a particular sport have a difficult decision to  (i) _____  about their children’s career. Should they allow their children to train to become top sportsmen and women? For many children, it means starting very young and school work, going out with friends and other interests have to take second place. Il’s very difficult to explain to a young child why he or she has to train for five hours a day, even at the weekend, when (ii) _____of his or her friends are playing. Another problem is of course money. In many countries, money for training is available from the government for the very best young sportsmen and women. If this help cannot be given, it means that it is the parents (iii) _____ have to find the time and the money to support their child’s development- and sports clothes, transport to competitions, special equipment etC. can all be very expensive. Many parents are understandably worried that it is dangerous to start serious training in a sport at an early age. Some doctors agree that young (iv) _____ may be damaged by training before they are properly developed.Professional trainers, however, believe that it is only by starting young that you can reach the top as a successful sports person. What is clear is that very (v) _____  people reach the top and both parents and children should be prepared for failure even after many years of training.

(i)______

Choose the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the folllowing word(s). "principles"

I don’t know why John insists on blaming all his troubles………..me 

My family is the most important thing in my life. I won’t let my work ………me and my family. 

Child workers, some as young as 10, have been found working in a textile factory in conditions described as close to slavery to produce clothes that appear destined for one of the major high street retailers. Speaking to a British newspaper, the children described long hours of (i) _______ work and threats and beatings. The company said it was unaware that clothing intended for its stores had been improperly (ii) _______  to a sweatshop that used child labour. It further announced the alleged breaches of the ethical code it imposed on manufacturers three years ago. The discovery of these children working in appalling conditions in the Shahpur Jat area of Delhi has renewed concerns about the (iii) _______ by some large retail chains of their garment production to India, recognized by the United Nations as one of the world’s hotspots for child labour. According to one estimate, over 20 per cent of India’s economy is (iv) _______ on children, which comes to a total of 50 million youngster under 14 working. Consumers in the West should not only be demanding answers from retailers about how theứ (v) _______ are produced but also be looking into their consciences at how they spend their money and whether cheap prices in the west are worth the suffering caused to so many children.

(iii)_____

There are a variety of causes that can contribute directly or indirectly to the extinction of a species or groups of species. Just as each species is unique, and so is each extinction. The causes (i) _______ each are varied – some subtle and complex, others obvious and simple. Most simply, any species that is unable to (ii) _______ or reproduce in its environment, and unable to move to a new environment where it can do so, will (iii) _______ out and become extinct. Extinction of a species may come suddenly when a healthy species is wiped out completely, as when toxic pollution makes its entire diversity unlivable; or may occur gradually over thousands or millions of years, such as when a species gradually loses out in (iv) _______ lor food to better adapted competitors. The question of whether more extinction in the fossil record has been caused by evolution or by catastrophe is a subject of discussion. When taking about species extinction that has been raised, most experts concern with the (v) _______ of climate change and technological disasters. Currently, environmental groups and some governments are concerned about the extinction of species caused by human beings and are attempting to combat further extinctions through various ways of conservation programs. Humans can cause extinction of a species through overharvesting, pollution, habitat destruction, introduction of new predators and food competitors, overhunting, and other influences.

(v)_____

Many adults in America and increasing numbers elsewhere take part in mentoring schemes. A mentor is an adult who provides support and friendship to a young person. There are (i) _____ different ways of mentoring: passing on skills, sharing experiences, offering guidance. Sometimes the most helpful thing is just to listen. Mentoring is open to anybody – no particular (ii) _____ experience is required, just a desire to make a difference to the life of a young person who needs help. This may seem a difficult thing at first, but many people find they have a real (iii) _____ for it.

The support of a mentor can play an important role in a child’s development and can often make up (iv) _____a lack of guidance in a young person’s life. It can also improve young people’s attitude towards society and build up their confidence in dealing with life’s challenges. For the mentor, it can be incredibly rewarding to know that they have had a significant (v) _____ on a child and helped to give them the best possible chance in life. Indeed, it is not only adults who are capable of taking on this role. There is now an increasing demand for teenagers to mentor younger children, for example by helping them with reading or other school work.

(i)______

In Britain these days, it seems even very young children hope to wear a Calvin Klein watch or Nike trainers. Fashion experts claim that brand names have become so important that their followers (i) _____  to be able to buy the company’s products no matter what. In an (ii) _____  to get people to buy, these companies’ symbols are used so extensively that they have become more important than the products themselves. In a recent survey of British teenagers, only one out of 60 would admit that they did not own any designer clothes of the (iii) _____ fashion. The survey also revealed that a staggering 60 percent are willing to spend the same (iv)    of money on one designer item as on two non – designer items which might do harm to their image. Some people argue that on the whole, designer labels offer a guarantee of quality, but 35 per cent said they would rather buy counterfeit designer wear than a non – label item of clothing. The survey suggests that we have less real choice in what we buy than we might think. The media make the decisions about what is in fashion, and so a whole generation is trying to (v) _____ smart by wearing identically labeled trainers, jeans, shirts and sweatshirts.

(i)______

It seems that the rain is letting ........

The arehaeologist Howard Carter died in Egypt only five months after uncovering the tomb of King Tutankhamen in the Upper Valley of the Nile. Twenty-five others involved in the project also died within a year of the excavation of the tomb. Newspapers al the time (i) _____ the deaths to the Mummy’s Curse after a journalist (ii) _____ to have found a hieroglyphic inscription at the entrance of the tomb.

The writer Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, creator of the famous fictional detective Sherlock Holmes, also advanced the story, insisting that a “pharaoh’s curse” was (iii) _____ for the deaths. Doctors have long speculated that they fell victim to some sort of bacteria, but now Dr. Nicola Di Paolo, a kidney disease expert and amateur arehaeologist has obtained the first clinical proof the (iv) _____ growth of a highly toxic microscopic Fungus. “In tombs which have been closed for centuries, air and damp may penetrate minute cracks in the walls, permitting the growth of poisonous moulds”, Di Paulo said recently. He speculated that an explorer who entered a tomb that had been closed for centuries without using a mask must have inhaled dust full of toxins from the mould. Similarly, he said, researehers handling the mummy and other objects found in Tutankhamen’s tomb could have breathed in the toxic mould. While small quantities are thought to be harmless, Di Paolo said (v) _____ exposure could be fatal, causing severe degeneration of the kidneys and liver.

(ii)_____-

Everyone needs a home where they feel sheltered and sale. Today we live in modem flats and houses, (i) ________ have air- conditioning to keep us cool, and heating to keep US warm. There is electricity for lighting and supplies of gas or oil for the heating. Hot and cold water (ii)__________________ from the taps and

dirty water disappears (iii)_________ the drains. Many of our homes have balconies or gardens. In the past, people made their homes from materials that they found nearby. When we look at different houses, we can tell how old they are from the materials used and the way they were built. It was different long (iv) ________ people did not have water in their homes and there were no electric lights. To keep warm,they sometimes made (v)________ inside their homes. With a fire started they could cook their food and heat waler

(v)____

I’m a driving test examiner. The first lorry driver I passed burst into tears. However, the most (i) _______ reasons for failing are not being ready and being too (ii) _______. Inwardly, I’m telling the candidates not to do something stupid like pull out into moving traffic, but I am not (iii) _______ to tell them how to drive. When I took my own test, I was extremely nervous and had to deal with a vciy strict and unfriendly examiner. We’re taught nowadays to put people at their (iv) _______. We pass everyone who’s up to standard, but people often present themselves too soon. I’ve never been offered money to pass anyone, although one man asked me if he could make me change my (v) _______. I then reported him to the police. My ambition is to be a supervising examiner in charge of the test centers in a large area.

(v)_____

Tom always _____ breakfast before going to work.

If it fits inside a pocket, keeps you safe as well as in touch with your office, your mother and your children, it is (i) _____ worth having. This is the view of the swelling ranks of female mobile – phone users who are beginning to (ii)  _____  the consumer market. Although Britain has been demonstrated to be one of the most expensive places in the world to run a mobile phone, both professional women and (iii) _____ mothers are undeterred. At first, the mobile phone was a rich man’s plaything, or a businessman’s status symbol. Now women own almost as many telephones as men do – but for very different reasons. The main attraction for most women customers is that it provides a form of communication back – up, wherever they are, in case of (iv) _____. James Tanner of Tancroft Communications says: “The majority of people buying phones from us this year were women – often young women or men W’ho were buying for their mothers, wives and girlfriend. And it always seems to be a question of peace of mind.” Size is also (v) for women. They want something that will lit in a handbag,” said Mr Tanner. “The tiny phones coming in are having a very big impact. This year’s models are only half the size of your hand.

(i)_____