The Penny Black is the name of the world’s postage stamp. It was introduced by the U.K. in 1840 and is perhaps the most famous stamp ever issued. It has a (i) _____ of the young Queen Victoria and because of its colour, and its price of one penny, it is known as the “Penny Black”. Before 1840, postage rates for delivery of letters in the U.K. depended on the (ii) _____ the letter had to travel and the number of sheets of paper used. Furthermore, at that time it was not possible to pay for your letter before you sent it. The postage had to be paid by the receiver (iii) _____ than the sender of the letter. The Penny Black changed everything: al the rate of one penny, letters that did not weigh more than half an ounce could be sent to any destination in the U.K. Nowadays, Penny Black stamps are not all that rare although they are (iv) _____ regarded by stamp collectors. About 68 million of these stamps were issued between 1840 and 1841,and it is thought that about 1.5 million of these survive today. The price of the stamp today varies according to whether it has been used or not and its condition. A line used copy can be bought for around 77 pound or less, while unused examples are quite rare and sold for 2,000 pound or more. To honour the U.K. for having issued the world’s first postage stamp, the Universal Postal Union has made an exception regarding its rule that the name of the country must (v) _____ on a stamp. No British stamp to date has ever had the country name on it.

(i)______

Sainsbury’s, one of Britain’s leading supermarkets, are deeply concerned about (i) _____  out theirresponsibilities regarding the environment. They claim that many of their customers want to buy products that don’t have a negative environmental (ii) _____. Due to this, more than 50 per cent of their own­ brand products are environmentally friendly. Furthermore, Sainsbury’s have been using recycled cardboard packaging for years on such things as breakfast cereals and biscuits. Many of their stores also offer customers the opportunity to recycle their own packaging. They have (iii) _____ them with special recycling bins for paper, glass and even shoes. These bins are supplied by the local authority and are in display at the front of most major stores. (iv) _____ from many other environmental projects which they are involved in, Sainsbury’s also encourage their customers not to use plastic carrier bags, with their Bag for life and Penny Back offers. In the first scheme, the orange reusable Bag for life bags cost lOp, and when they wear out, customers can take them back to the store and (v) _____ a free bag in return. In the second scheme, customers get a penny back for every plastic carrier bag they reuse. Via this second scheme, they gave 640,000 penny back to customers last year, of which more than half ended up in Sainsbury’s charity boxes.

(iv)______

Choose a, b, c or d that best completes each unfinished sentence:

Can you play any musical instrument? - I can play ____ guitar.

Tourism is the fastest-growing industry in the world. As well as bringing prosperity to an area, however, it can also destroy the qualities which attracted visitors in the first place. If it is not carefully controlled, tourism can also (i) _____ problems for local people, as is shown by various examples from around the world. When Phuket in Thailand first became a popular tourist (ii) _____, people there were unable to cope with the increase in rubbish that 2 million visitors a year produce and a huge incinerator had to be built in the countryside in water consumption, (iii) _____ many local people to walk considerable distances to get clean water. And Egypt’s desert landscapes are being destroyed by the litter dropped by tourists. Moving sands are difficult to clean, and the white desert to the west of the Nile Valley may be permanently (iv) _____. It’s encouraging, therefore, to read about the efforts of certain tour companies who are organising environmental holidays in some of the worst hit areas. Regular tours now go to places such as the Himalayas and Atlas mountains In North Africa with the aim of combining a bit of sightseeing with the chance to help (v) _____ some of the mess left by previous visitors.

(i)_____

Everyone has to tidy up around the house sometimes, but the new idea known as “decluttering” goes further than that. By showing you how to get (i)________________ of all the things you don’t need, dccluttcring can actually help you lead a healthier, less stressful lifestyle. At least, that is the belief of professional dccluttcring consultant, Clare Davis visits her clients in their homes and (ii)__________ them on what to keep, what to throw out, and how best to arrange the furniture and storage space. But Clare does more than just tidying a desk or clearing out a wardrobe that is stuffed with last year’s fashion items. She aims to get to the root of the problem. According to Clare, if your home is disorganized and untidy then so is your mind, and your happiness and health will(iii)__________________________ as a result. She believes that everything in the house should either have a function or be something you really cherish. Many people hold on to things for the wrong reasons. And so the first step in Clare’s dccluttcring programme is to remove everything her clients don’t need, like clothes they have grown (iv)_____________________________ of and objects they no longer need. Clare’s clients speak (v)__________ of her. All sorts of people from writers to computer programmers have said they found her service useful. Many have said that her decluttering programme has helped them to become more organized.

(iii)______

Travelling abroad is getting easier and easier for young people nowadays. If you take the time to talk to travel (i) _____.and shop around, some really good deals can be found. Eurorail and interrail are two travel cards which allow people aged 20 or under, unlimited travel in Europe, mainly by train. It’s quite a good idea to plan your (ii) _____ before you set off. Most young travelers stay on campsites or in youth hostels, as they are quite cheap. Unbelievable bargains can be found by last-minute bookings for charter flights. Remember to (iii) _____.with your luggage two hours before take-off forinternational flights. But don’t take too much with you or you won’t be able to carry it to the bus or taxi that will take you to your hotel. It is advisable to carry traveler’s cheques rather than cash, and keep them in a money belt around your waist. Look after your passport and tickets carefully. If disaster (iv) ______ .and all your valuables are stolen, contact your nearest (v) _____   .There they’ll help you with all the paperwork and make sure you get home safely.

(iii)_____

We wish we ......... a large house but we can't afford it now.

Stress is our body’s reaction to events or conditions that we cannot easily manage or control. When we are troubled by something, we usually experience some types of stress. There are thousand conditions that (i) _______ us to become tense. These may be major and horrible lighting for our lives in a war, being imprisoned or facing death. On the other hand, minor (ii) _______ in our daily lives cause stress as well: waiting in lines, taking a quiz, or asking for or accepting a date. Although we usually think of stress as something caused by unpleasant events, pleasant happenings also bring stress. As a new researeh is done on the effects of stress, new techniques are developed to help (iii) _______ with anxiety. One aid is to plan for situations that wc know will be stressful. Some imagine the event before it happens, thus preparing their minds and bodies for the tension. Others pretend they are on a pleasant beach (iv) _______ in the sunshine; soon their bodies relax and tension melts away. Other people believe strenuous exercise helps the body handle the problems of daily life. It matters very little which method we use to relax; what docs matter is finding the time to temporarily reduce the (v) _______ of modem life on our brain and body.

(v)________

What’s in a name? In the case of the secretary, it can be something rather surprising to call a secretary “anyone who handle correspondence, keeps records and docs clerical work for others”. But while this particular job definition looks a bit (i) _____, the word’s original meaning is a hundred times more exotic and perhaps more appropriate. The word itself has been with US since the 14th century and comes the mediaeval Latin word secretaries meaning “Something hidden”. Secretaries started out as those members of staff with knowledge hidden from the ones mysteriously operating the secret machinery of organizations.A few years ago “Something hidden” probably meant kept out of sight, lucked away with all the other secretaries and typists. A good secretary was an unremarkable one, efficiently (ii) _____ orders, and then returning mouse-like to his or her station behind the typewriter, but, with the (iii) _____ of new technology, the job effectively upgraded itself and the role has changed to one closer to the original meaning. The skills required are more demanding and more technical. Companies are (iv) _____ that secretarial staff should already be highly trained in, or at least familiar with, a range of word processing packages. The professionals in the recruitment business see all these developments as improving the jobs which secretaries are being asked to do. It may also encourage a dramatic (v) _____ in office practice. In the past it was usual to regard the secretary as almost dehumanized, to be seen and not heard.

(ii)_______

What does an elephant eat on typical day? Layang – Layang, an elephant at London Zoo, has a good appetite. Her keeper describes what she ate yesterday. “Breakfast (i) _____ of a kilo of dog biscuits mixed with 750g of dried horse food with extra vitamins, hay, bread, bananas apples, oranges, potatoes, carrots and cabbage. Zoo food is always of a (ii) _____standard! “During the morning, the daily supply of branches is delivered. Layang -Layang is particularly fond of cherry and apple, so she was given four big (iii) _____. She chewed the twiggy bits and used the rest as toys. Lunch was another kilo of dog biscuits, more bread, vegetables and fruit. Most of this comes from local supermarkets who give us stock that otherwise they would (iv) _____. After lunch she ate more branches. We have to make sure she doesn’t run out of these. Some visitors to the zoo aren’t very sensible and feed laying- Layang unsuitable things. If she swallows paper and plastic, her stomach hurts. “Supper was another kilo of dog biscuits, 750g of dried horse food, 350g of linseed oil to (v) _____ healthy skin and hair and 500g of vitamin E. Layang-Layang cats a lot but she never puts onweight. “If she feels like a snack during the night, Layang-Layang has some hay and more branches.”

(i)______

Choose the correct answer to complete the sentence. "Anna advised me ______ more to keep fit"

Many adults in America and increasing numbers elsewhere take part in mentoring schemes. A mentor is an adult who provides support and friendship to a young person. There are (i) _____ different ways of mentoring: passing on skills, sharing experiences, offering guidance. Sometimes the most helpful thing is just to listen. Mentoring is open to anybody – no particular (ii) _____ experience is required, just a desire to make a difference to the life of a young person who needs help. This may seem a difficult thing at first, but many people find they have a real (iii) _____ for it.

The support of a mentor can play an important role in a child’s development and can often make up (iv) _____a lack of guidance in a young person’s life. It can also improve young people’s attitude towards society and build up their confidence in dealing with life’s challenges. For the mentor, it can be incredibly rewarding to know that they have had a significant (v) _____ on a child and helped to give them the best possible chance in life. Indeed, it is not only adults who are capable of taking on this role. There is now an increasing demand for teenagers to mentor younger children, for example by helping them with reading or other school work.

(iii)______

Years ago there were many social rules and etiquette procedures involving introductions. Some formal introductions between two people were (i) _______ by letter by third party. A person had to be very careful to weigh the importance of social class or status, age, and gender when deciding (ii) _______  person should be presented or introduced to the other person first. However, times have changed, and most of the social rules about introducing older people to younger ones, women to men, and those in higher positions to those in lower positions have changed, too. Many people now feel much more (iii) _______ about making introductions. In most situations, handshaking is (iv) _______ , but these days it is more often done than not-especially in formal social or business settings. It’s very common for one person (or both) to extend a hand when meeting someone. If you are in this situation, and you are offered a hand to shake, you should grasp it firmly and shake it briefly. People often tend to make some (v) _______ about someone according to their handshakes, so make sure yours is not too weak or limp, not too hard, and not too long-lasting. It should be firm and brief.

(v)_______

 Paul and Mary have been dating for two weeks and he is asking her to go out for dinner.

Paul: “Would you like to have dinner with me?”

Mary: “  ..............  ”

Choose the correct answer to each of the following questions. " People often get ______ in order to be immune to fatal diseases"

Choose the correct answer to each of the following questions. " People should _____healthy food and exercise regularly."

Please let me  .........  I promise not to do it again.

A worrying question which requires global attention is severe over-population and its drastic effects in the countries of the Third World. In regions where the birth (i) _____ is extremely high, poverty and starvation are rife. In India, there is (ii) _____ of thirty five infants being bom every minute, yet the most shocking figures are those which indicate the enormous number of the victims of famine in certain African territories. Communities afflicted with acute destitution are additionally confronted with illiteracy, life in appalling conditions and infectious diseases decimating the (iii) _____ populations.

There is an urgent need for these problems to be solved or else they might continue bring about innumerable worries upon the affluent societies ties around the world. Unless measures are taken to (iv) _____ the  uffering of the impoverished undeveloped nations, desperate crowds of immigrants will persist in flooding the richer states in seareh of a brighter future. It’s the most (v) _____ task for the international giants nowadays to help the poor populations get out of the poverty trap.

(iii)_____

Carefully conducted studies that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to shown any long-term problems, compared with children of working mothers stayed at home. My personal (i) _______  is that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish. Whether we like it or not, there a number of mothers who just have to work. There are those who have invested such a big part of their lives in establishing a career that they cannot expect to see it lost. Then there are many who must work out of pure economic necessity. Many mothers are not (ii) _______ out to be full-time parents. After a few months at home with a much loved infant, they feel trapped and isolated. There are a number of options when it refers to choosing childcare. These range from child minders and nannies through to Granny or the kind lady (iii) _______ the street. In reality, however, many parents don’t have any choice; they have to accept anything they can get. Be prepared! No matter how good the childcare may be, some children are going to protest wildly if they are left. This is a (iv) _______ normal stage of child development.Babies separate well in the first six months, but soon after that, they start to get a crush on Mum and close family members. Make sure that in first week, you allow plenty of time to help your child settle in. All children are different. Some are independent, while others are more attached to their mothers. Remember that if you want to do the best for your children, it’s not the quantity of time you spend with them, it’s the (v) _______ that matters.

(ii)_____-

Our lesson _____ at 7.30 a.m every morning.

Can you imagine what life would be like if there were no telephone? You could not call up your friends on the phone and talk to them. If fire (i) _______   out in your house you could not call the fire department. If somebody was sick, you could not call a doctor. In our daily life, we need to (ii) _______ with one another. We need do this mostly by speaking to other people and listening to what they have to say to us, and when you are close (iii) _______ them you can do this very easily. However, our voices will not travel very far even when we shout. The man who made this possible was Alexander Graham Bell, a Scotsman, bom in Edinburgh in 1847. Bell, a teacher of visible speech who later moved to Canada, (iv) _______ all his spare time experimenting. So enthusiastic was he in his researeh for a means of sending speech by electricity that he left much time for his day – to – day work and at one lime was (v) _______ penniless.

(iii)______-