The Great Wall stretches for 5,000 kilometres (i) _______ China from the East coast to the Gobi Desert. This biggest of all building projects was begun 2,000 years ago during the Qin Dynasty. Separately built walls were all joined up to form one huge line, supposedly to (ii) _______  any invading nomads. The project used thousands of workers, many of them prisoners.

Around 180 million cubic metres of earth were used to form the wall’s core. The wall was not particularly successful as a deterrent to invaders. However, it was very useful as a kind of ancient, elevated motorway. Men and equipment could be easily moved along the wall, through the previously (iii) _______, mountainous land. Also, a very useful communication system was developed between the different sections of the wall. Smoke signals were used to send messages quickly anywhere along the wall’s length. Now, the Great Wall is China’s most popular tourist attraction. It has suffered some decay and destruction over the centuries. Parts have been (iv) _______ by the wind and weather. Other sections have been destroyed by local peasants who carried off the materials to make their own homes. However, the wall is still an amazing sight, and a lasting monument to the ancient Chinese civilization that (v) _______ it.

(i)______--

Over the years, not all of the American boats have been the fastest but their maneuverability, good sails and construction have been the keys to success because in the America’s Cup not always (i) _______ the waves splash gently nor docs the summer sun shine down romantically upon the huge yachts racing through rugged ocean waters navigating buoys to determine the winner. The winner of the previous America’s Cup race and the challenger selected to race the previous winner need to navigate the deep, and sometimes rough and unpredictable salt waters of the ocean (ii)      tranquil and flatter waters of inland lakes. And it is the ease of maneuvering and the exacting ratios of weight, balance, and sail volume which can determine the winner. Throughout the years, the types of boats raced in the America’s Cup have changed but the challenge and possibility of fame for winning the competition is still alluring and has not changed. In 1983, the Australians took away the Cup from the Americans and the races left the American waters for the Australian waters. After that, the American waters have again been host to racers as well as European waters (iii) _______ the coast of Spain.

Regardless of (iv)________ the race is held or who the competitors or the winners are, the America’s Cup continues to be the oldest continual racing competition – and (v)  _______  prestigious

(iii)______

Fred and Tom _________ are twins. 

Based on measurements of the expansion of the universe, of the position of galaxies, as well as of the cosmic microwave background radiation, the birth of the universe is said to (i) _______  13.7 billion years ago, when the early cosmos was a dense gaseous fireball of plasma, with temperatures 100,000 times higher than (ii) _______  of the sun’s core. 10 microseconds after the initial explosion, the universe experienced a period of huge exponential (iii) _______  called cosmic inflation, allowing basic particles such as quarks and gluons to stop moving around willy-nilly without purpose and form strong bonds of protons and neutrons. 100 seconds later, as temperatures dropped even further, these protons and neutrons would form helium and other hydrogen composites in a period cissalled nucleosynthesis. Matter would (iv) _______  to a halt and stop moving, (v) _______  gravitational forces come into play, and after 380,000 years the first atoms would make their appearance.

(ii)______-

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions: 

The music is what makes the movie so memorable. 

find that have too much work. t’s _______ into my spare time and don’t stand for that. 

Amelia Earhart, America’s most famous woman pilot, was bom into a wealthy family in 1897. At the age of 23, she began taking flying lessons in California. (i) ________ having a number of crashes, which

were fairly common in the early days of aviation, she decided to make flying her career. In 1932, she became the first woman to make a solo flight across the AtlantiC. She set out on May 20th, and not only (ii) ________  in arriving safely, but she managed to do it in record time as well. She was awarded honours of all kinds. As her fame grew, she travelled round the country giving lectures and (iii) ________ women’s rights. In 1937, she decided to do something that no woman had tried before – to fly all the way round the world. She reached Australia, and set off on the last part of her journey across the Pacific on July 2nd. A few hours later she sent a radio message saying she was running (iv)    fuel. Then there was silence. President Roosevelt immediately had the area (v) ________, but the 9 ships and 66 planes were unable to find any sign of her. Since her death, there have been many stories about her; some say that she was captured by the Japanese, others claim that she lived on a South Pacific island with a fisherman. However, although many people have tried to work out exactly what happened, no trace of her or the plane has ever been found.

(v)_____

When do you go ________ bed?

If people _________ the rules, there are no more accidents.

There was a power cut and all the lights _______. 

There are 10 teams involved, each team having 2 drivers. (i) ________  teams are Renault, Ferrari, Mercedes-Benz, Honda and Toyota. These teams built (ii) ________ the car and its engine. Formula One also has a constructor’s championship for the team that builds the best car. The cars are much smaller and narrower because. Formula One is not run on speed tracks (iii) ________ on circuits and sometimes on closed city streets. The drivers must be more technical and skilled on these types of tracks. Some circuits, like the ones in Monaco, are very tight, and it is hard to overtake there. Circuits such as Monza, Italy, or Germany, are very fast and wide. Cars reach (iv) ________  200 mph, and the engines have (v) ________ 750 horsepower.

(iv)____

Emily Can- had a very strong (i) _______ . She was very independent and creative, (ii) _______ she was also moody and unfriendly with people she didn’t like. In the studio (iii) _______ painted, the chairs were hanging from the ceiling with ropes so there was no place for visitors to sit down. Maybe if she liked the visitor, she would use a rope to (iv) _______ a chair to sit on! She had a soft spot for (v)_______ and kept dogs, cats, rabbits and even a pct monkey named “Woo”!

(iv)____

Maria Mutola is a great athlete off the field as well. She has started the Lurdcs Mutola Foundation. This charity program (i) ________ money for the development of sports and the education of young people in Africa. It also works to stop the spread of AIDS and HIV in poor countries, and to have (ii) _________  African children protected against such dangerous childhood diseases as measles and polio. Maria Mutola has also donated money to build new social houses in Maputo (iii) ________ a modern outdoor running track. She is also involved (iv) ________  promoting sports without drugs and doping. For her achievements, Maria Mutola has been made a youth ambassador for the United Nations in 1993. She also (v) ________ the official Olympic Flag at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin.

(v)______

Development economics is the branch of economics that focuses (i)  _______  the special economic problems faced by poor and undeveloped countries. (ii) _______ classical economics, development economics studies the social and political factors that affect economic growth. It (iii) _______  the problem of Third World debt and the role of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund in continuing that debt with strict repayment rules. Scholars in the field have proposed that the best long­term solution is to excuse much of the debt. Debtor nations also must be helped to establish (iv) _______ governments and self-sustaining economics. The goal is to help them become trading partners with creditor nations. An important means to that end is to encourage the growth of a strong middle class. Some ways to do that (v) _______ guaranteeing education for all, allowing free trade, and providing medical care. Governments must allow for elected representatives and independent court systems.

(v)_____

To many people the idea of graffiti has negative images and responses. If the drawings are done on surfaces without permission, it is thought of as vandalism. And in many instances, a crime. In most countries of the world graffiti, not only has negative connotations but is also considered illegal. One of the reasons is that graffiti is placed on buildings and property not owned by the painter. And where it is applied without (i) _______ , it is usually done quickly W’ith products such as permanent markers and spray paint. Historically, though, graffiti was important to the Romans because it was a way of expressing the knowledge they had as a people as well as a way of expressing their appreciation of beauty of (ii) _______      subjects. Today, tourists can see for themselves examples of ancient graffiti when they visit the catacombs in Rome or Pompeii. Modem graffiti is considered an art form, but it is one whichis greatly misunderstood by most people. In the 1970s, when the punk rock movement was big, many of the anti­establishment groups wrote and drew on walls and other surfaces to draw attention to their cause, group, or agenda. A lot of bands also used graffiti to (iii) _______ recognition and notoriety. For about a (iv) _______ of a century, from the mid 1960s to the late 1980s, graffiti was considered in its prime as an art form. In urban areas, graffiti could be seen on the walls of vacant buildings, on subway station walls, and on the subway cars themselves. Political activities used the medium to transmit their messages because it was an easy and inexpensive way to do (v) _______.

(v)______

Vincent Van Gogh is a very famous painter from the 19th century. Van Gogh’s paintings are sold at very high prices because many collectors want his paintings. But unfortunately, when he was (i) _______ he did not have a happy life. Van Gogh was from a poor family in Holland and lived (ii) _______ his life at home. He lived a rather sad and (iii) _______ life. He drew things that he could sec cither around the quiet town of his parents’ home or outside his window. This was why he painted things like the sky, his room and even himself. Van Gogh once cut off his own car after drawing a picture of himself. He cut it off to show the person that said the ear in Van Gogh’s painting was not correct. It was very (iv) _______ him to do such a thing. Van Gogh was also (v) _______ a crazy man. He really did become crazy, and was sent to a mental hospital. Sadly, he killed himself when he was just 37.

(ii)____

Dear Mr Hill,

With (i) _______ to your advertisement in the Educational Gazette, I would like to (ii) _______ one of the scholarships your Trust is offering to students who wish to continue their studies at a British university. I am 22 years old and have just graduated in English Philology from the Complutense University in Madrid, Spain. I am very interested in doing a Master’s degree in English literature. My (iii) _______ interest is the English playwright Arnold Wesker. However, it is almost impossible for me to study Wesker here in Spain, as he is not very well-known. I would really need to come to Britain. Unfortunately, the (iv) _______ of university fees in your country makes that almost impossible. I would also be living away from home. My parents could contribute so mething towards my keep but that is all. My level of English is good I passed the TOEFL iBT test last year with a score of 106.

I hope you will (v) _______ my application.

Yours sincerely,

(ii)___

Precision and uniformity of movement are two characteristics of step-dancing which most people recognize. And (i) _______ traditional step-dancing does not pennit the use of hands, some of the more modem versions allow it. Before the early 1900s, though, step-dancers often performed their synchronized movement while dancing with their hands on their hips. That trend has somewhat faded and now most step-dancing is done with the participants’ arms held firmly down to their sides and their hands made into a fist. The straight, clean lines of the body add to the impression (ii) _______ it is the intricacy of the foot work which is the most important aspect of the presentation. Chorus line dancing, which is another variation or type of line dancing, was an extremely popular way that dancing and elegance were included in movie productions for several years. Today fewer scenes of chorus lines (iii) _______  inmovies, but many movies with “Western” or “country” themes include modem forms of line dancing. Many people simply refer to the modem type of dancing as “line dancing” but (iv) _______ whether it has a special name, modem line dancing is usually associated with a country and western theme. With modem line dancing, there may only be one line or there can be several. Sometimes, when there is more than one line, the lines lace in the same direction with one line being in back of the other, but sometimes the lines face each other. This type of dancing docs not always require interaction between dancers, and the dancers often move independently from each other. But the beauty of this dance form permits interaction, like weaving in and out of different lines, if the dancers desire. And sometimes the dancers even may make contact with each other if clapping becomes part of their (v) _______.

(iv)____

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the blanks.
Cartoon film have very _______ limits.

Self-control and emotional regulation requires a lot of practice and will power, but is proven to lead to more success later in life. Scientific studies have demonstrated that children who (i) ______ able to resist temptation and control their impulses grow into socially more competent, confident and assertive adults, while their counterparts are (ii) ______ to become more stubborn, (iii) ______ and stressed.

Refusing to give in to the pleasure of the moment in order to pursue a higher long-term goal is a sign of maturity and certain indicator of success. The final ingredient in ssthe overall make-up of one’s emotional intelligence is (iv) ______, or the ability to understand and react to other people’s feelings. An individual with strong interpersonal skills is more likely to have a large social network that he can rely on (v) ______ something should go wrong. It has been ascertained that people with many friends and acquaintances have in easier al finding a new job than those who lead a solitary life.

(i)______

While the hair, skin, and nails show outward signs of aging, the heart and other internal organs are also (i) ________ by the aging process. Usually there is restricted blood flow to the heart as people age. Part of the reason is that there is a normal atrophy of the heart muscle and the heart valves begin calcifying.

Additionally, the arteries (ii) ________ the blood passes may become less elastiC. Because of some or all of these factors, the reduced flow of blood results in a reduced stamina for people (iii) ________ there is less oxygen passing through and being exchanged in a person’s system. As people age normally, there is also a reduced efficiency of the respiratory system. People have less ability to (iv) ________ deeply and the airway passages become less elastic as a result. Smoking and pollution do not help the respiratory changes in older adults, nor docs the loss of muscle tone and strength. Physical exercise, however, seems to be one of the best ways to (v) ________ improve some cases, slop the changes breathing and muscle tone that develop as people age.

(i)______