Every country has its own traditions, some of which have existed for centuries. In my opinion, we should do everything possible to preserve them. Some people think that in today’s high-tech world, traditional celebrations are too old-fashioned and (i) _______ to our lives. However, events such as Carnival, are important, as they bring communities together and make US think about other people and not just computers. (ii) _______ argument against traditional festivals is that they are expensive to organise. To some extent this is true, particularly when there are firework (iii) _______ or parades. On the other hand, it is a small price to pay for brightening up our lives with entertainment and colour. Moreover, celebrations like the ‘Fallas’ in my home town of Valencia attract many tourists and their money. Finally, although 1 agree that some traditional customs (iv) _______ their original significance, they can provide an opportunity for US to learn about our past. For example, Bonfire Night teaches British children about a particular period of their country’s history. To conclude, traditional celebrations are a source of great pleasure and interest, and they are certainly (v) _______ keeping

(i)_____-

SOME GOLDEN TIPS FOR MANAGING STRESS

Notice what makes you feel very anxious. Face your anxieties.
See what you can change in those areas (i)_______ you are doing too much.
Are you (ii) ______ to things? Is it necessary to get so upset/ anxious / angry?
Are you breathing too fast? Slow, deep breathing helps you relax.
Try using some relaxation techniques (iii) ______ yoga or biofeedback. They can be very useful inhelping you relax.

(iv)____

Trends in worldwide energy use point up an urgent need to expedite the development of technology that can wean the world % from fossil fuels. Many experts contend that the recent increases in the price of oil will not be followed, as in the past, by an casing off after a year or two. Even if that were not the ease, the world would have to be concerned about inevitable constraints on supply. Gasoline and diesel engines in motor vehicles consume the (i) _______ majority of fossil fuel used outside power generation. The only technology currently in the pipeline for rescuing transportation from a very serious oil crunch is (ii)  _______ vehicles operating with hydrogen fuel-cell engines. Private industry, long a mere bystander in the development of the hydrogen economy, is now (iii) _______ the way to develop affordable and environmentally desirable hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles. The United States government is spending about $ 100 million per year for researeh on hydrogen vehicles and hydrogen-slorage technology. Major automobile manufactures claim they will have (iv) _______ hydrogen cars by 2015. These cars, it should be noted, will produce no greenhouse gases. Like any new fuel technology, hydrogen will require infrastructure. Plants to generate usable hydrogen, pipelines to move it, and depots in which to store it, must be put in place. Stations for refilling a vehicle’s hydrogen tank must be as common as ordinary gas stations before many consumers will venture onto the open road with hydrogen cars, yet this is not an unrealistic scenario. Most probably, existing oil and gasoline infrastructure can be affordably – and incrementally – (v) _______ to hydrogen infrastructure.

(iv)_____-

The Solar System is (i) _______ the Sun and eight planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. The first four planets are (ii) _______ terrestrial planets because they are rocky. They are smaller and denser than the outer planets. They contain a high amount of metals and they have less gas than the outer planets. Mercury has no atmosphere, but Venus, Earth and Mars have atmospheres of varying thicknesses. Their rotation is slower and their orbits are closer together. The outer four planets are known as gas giants. They are also known as Jovian planets, (iii) _______ the planet Jupiter because of their gigantic Jupiter-like (iv) _______. They have a large diameter and a very thick atmosphere. Although their surfaces contain large amounts of gases, their cores are probably solid. All four Jovian planets have rings although only Saturn’s ring system is (v) _______ from Earth.

(i)_____-

Today the move away from rigid rules makes it much easier (i) _________  the right way to behave because there are fewer out and out ‘wrongs’. Of course there are still a few situations where inflexible lilies apply although these are mainly concerned with official functions. But nine times out of ten, the way you choose to behave is (ii) _________you, with one very important proviso that you keep firmly in mind the basis on which etiquette has grown up; in other words, the need to always consider other people’s feelings first. Some people, for instance, are very informal and outgoing by (iii) _________, while others prefer to be more reserved and formal. Younger people tend to be less formal than their parents. Habits can (iv) _________in different parts of the country. Behavior which may be commonplace in the capital – like arriving later than the stated time – can often be unconventional elsewhere. Just remember the basic rule of consideration for others, and when in doubt, follow the example of those around you. Etiquette is a skill that is easily learned and it brings the benefits of other people’s appreciation whenever you (v) _________ in practice. It’s a pleasure to spend time with people who are reliably courteous and considerate; it’s also pleasant to feel that you will always know what to do or say in any circumstances, mundane or extraordinary.

(v)_______

Martha loved Mt. Vernon and longed for a life of privacy but when duty (i) _______ her husband to command the Revolutionary War troops. Martha accepted her role with understanding and compassion. During the Revolutionary war, Martha remained at Mt. Vernon for long periods of time while her husband was commanding that Continental Army. She knitted socks for the soldiers, organized sewing societies to make needed items, and tried to raise money for the benefit of the troops. When her husband became (ii) _______ while the troops were camped at Morristown, Martha bravely made the trip to nurse him back to health. One winter while the American troops camped at Valley Forge, Martha made the long, arduous trip to Valley Forge. She did not go, (iii) _______, until she had been inoculated for smallpox. The inoculation, itself very dangerous, was the only option for Martha as she believed that without it she could die from the disease itself. Her deep love for her husband and her strong commitment to the American cause were the reasons why Martha received the inoculation as well as why she made the trip to the soldiers’ winter camp. During her visit to Valley Forge, Martha visited with the soldiers, cared for them and consoled them. She also continued to sew, (iv) _______,and make bandages needed for the wounded. Martha continued to organize volunteer groups of women to assist in the war effort, too. And she entertained the other officers and their wives who were in camp. As the fighting came (v)__________ _______ to where her husband’s soldiers were camped, Martha returned to Mt. Vernon to continue her efforts to support the American cause.

(iv)______

In retrospect, it is believed that the land (i) _______ by Hcrjolfsson was indeed part of North America, and the first European to actually touch its grounds was (ii) _______ other than the Red’s son, Leif Ericsson. (iii) _______ to follow in his father’s footsteps and become as respected as his parents, Leif Ericsson left Greenland (iv) _______  1,000 AD and sailed southwest towards the promised land.

Evidence unearthed at the arehaeological site of L’Anse aux Meadows proves that the Vikings had landed at three points of the eastern American coast, which (v) _______ termed “Markland” or “forest land” in today’s Labrador, “Hcluland” or “slab-land” after Baffin Island’s rocky landscape, and finally “Vinland” or “vine-land”, located either in New England or

(iv)___

I think we need a few more details. Could you ____ upon what you have just said? 

I was getting disheartened writing my first novel, but my husband jollied me _____ to finish it. 

The old version of the hula is the hula kahiko. It is a very melodic and sensuous dance, performed to bring (i) _______ to the senses. The dancers gently move their hips back and forth while singing and telling a story with their fingers. Hula kahikos can be funny fishermen stories, or very serious historical tales. (ii) _______ them were performed to entertain or praise kings or chiefs. But (iii) _______ serious hulas were religious performances made inside a temple. It was a sign of bad luck to make a mistake during a hula performance. Therefore, dancers were secluded inside the temple while learning the dance. They could not (iv) _______ by anybody, and were not allowed to leave until they knew the dance by heart and could execute (v) _______ without any mistakes

(iii)_____

Special effects, abbreviated SPFX or SPF, are a (i) _______ enhancing and intensifying the impact a filmed scene has on its audience in order to create an optical illusion which would render that particular image undistinguishable (ii) _______  reality. Special effects engineers have at their disposal a (iii) _______ number of techniques, ranging from traditional theatre effects to sophisticated photography and modem computer graphics, which are often used in one single shot (iv) _______ create the desired effect.

Most special effects are employed to obtain effects that cannot (v) _______ by normal means, such as intcrgalactic battles or space travelling; others are substituted for more expensive real-life effects, such as high-blast explosions, while others still are there to recreate the particular atmosphere of long- ago times, such as restoring the arehitectural splendour of a princely castle.

(i)______-

I will see you again. We are all looking forward _______ again.

Vincent Van Gogh is a very famous painter from the 19th century. Van Gogh’s paintings are sold at very high prices because many collectors want his paintings. But unfortunately, when he was (i) _______ he did not have a happy life. Van Gogh was from a poor family in Holland and lived (ii) _______ his life at home. He lived a rather sad and (iii) _______ life. He drew things that he could sec cither around the quiet town of his parents’ home or outside his window. This was why he painted things like the sky, his room and even himself. Van Gogh once cut off his own car after drawing a picture of himself. He cut it off to show the person that said the ear in Van Gogh’s painting was not correct. It was very (iv) _______ him to do such a thing. Van Gogh was also (v) _______ a crazy man. He really did become crazy, and was sent to a mental hospital. Sadly, he killed himself when he was just 37.

(ii)____

The reason why glaciers melt (i) _______ the warm weather. In 1850, many glaciers melted or became very small. This period is called the Little Ice Age. Melting glaciers are very normal and common. But after 1980, scientists have discovered (ii) _______  glaciers melt faster than usual. This melting or retreating of glaciers is the result of global warming. The weather on Earth has become warmer and this has a negative effect (iii) _______ the environment. When glaciers melt, the water flows into valleys and causes big floods. In addition, glaciers are made up of fresh water. Actually, glaciers contain the largest (iv) _______ of fresh water in the world. When glaciers melt, this fresh water gets mixed with dirt, sand, rocks and salt. Il is no longer good lor drinking and gets (v) _______.

(i)______

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the blanks.
If you can draw something, you can _______ it move on the cinema screen.

River travel was inexpensive and quicker than land travel in Egypt. Some of the river traffic was conducted (i) ________ the purpose of importing exotic products such as ivory, gold, and ostrich feathers from faraway lands. But with riches (ii) ________ potential trouble. The river was not only home to fishermen and shipbuilders but was also home to some unsavoury individuals. Because the Nile became a ma jor trade route (iii) ________ ancient times, those who wanted to pick the pockets of the traders were specialized in piracy and theft. The pharaohs used the Nile to transport stones to build their majestic Pyramids and to carry necessities for their after-life which would furnish their tombs. They also used the Nile to sail their funeral boats up and down the river to the burial sites. Sometimes full-sized boats were buried with the pharaohs to help them with their journey in their after-life but when the tradition became too (iv) ________, models of the boats were placed in the tombs (v) ________.

(iv)____

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions: She is a very generous old woman. She has given most of her wealth to a charity organization. 

Over the last few years, the use of the Internet has increased dramatically in French schools, offices and homes and this trend continues to grow. Who could have imagined, even in the last decade, that we would be able to (i) _______ our friends, colleagues and clients around the world simply through the click of a

mouse and a modem? There is no doubt, like any invention, that the Internet can be used for the good or bad but it is here to stay and (ii) _______  the way we communicate. In the world of business, no corporation can be competitive unless it has access to the Internet. It has become essential to advertise your product and service in this way and an increasing number of companies are using this opportunity to reach a greater number of (iii) _______ consumers. Indeed, the bigger the web site, the more professional the company seems to be. Similarly in education, the opportunities that the Internet can provide are vast.More and more students (iv) _______  on the Internet for their researeh; for instance, a physics undergraduate in Paris can download information from a university library in the States in minutes. From the latest researeh in scientific and linguistic fields to new theories in psychology and history, all these may be published on the world-wide web. What will be the future for the Internet in France? It has been estimated that 60% of homes and 50% of businesses will have access to the Internet within five years. Children, students and professionals will be able to (v) _______ and explore the world as they have never done before

(iv)_____

The old version of the hula is the hula kahiko. It is a very melodic and sensuous dance, performed to bring (i) _______ to the senses. The dancers gently move their hips back and forth while singing and telling a story with their fingers. Hula kahikos can be funny fishermen stories, or very serious historical tales. (ii) _______ them were performed to entertain or praise kings or chiefs. But (iii) _______ serious hulas were religious performances made inside a temple. It was a sign of bad luck to make a mistake during a hula performance. Therefore, dancers were secluded inside the temple while learning the dance. They could not (iv) _______ by anybody, and were not allowed to leave until they knew the dance by heart and could execute (v) _______ without any mistakes

(ii)_____

Animism is another important belief of Polynesian cultures. With animism, the spirits (i) _______ to have personalities and human-like traits. Sometimes the spirits are referred to as “he” and “she” by people who believe in animism. Spirits are reported to animate natural objects and everything in nature – whether a flower, dirt, or a rock – are thought to have their own unique, different spirit. The Native American cultures also believed in animism, but their concept of this belief was (ii) _______ different from the Polynesians’ belief. While the Polynesians believed everything possessed different spirits, the Native Americans believed that everything in nature had the same spirit. Both cultures believed that the spirits could be good, bad, or neutral (iii) _______ that the spirits could be loving, frightening, or mischievous.

They also believed that if people did things to displease the spirits then the spirits might respond to those who had displeased them in unfriendly and unpleasant ways. Most cultures believe in the ghosts or souls of ancestors because most cultures believe there is a separation of the body and soul (iv) _______ death.

The cultures which believe in ancestral spirits believe these spirits remain an integral part of the family and that, if treated well, the ancestors will bless the families in many ways – whether in business success, agricultural production, or personal relationships. Asian cultures (v) _______ to have a more favourable attitude about ancestral spirits than do the European cultures who often believe that the ghosts of ancestors can be dangerous and do frightening things such as haunting houses.

(iv)_____

The old version of the hula is the hula kahiko. It is a very melodic and sensuous dance, performed to bring (i) _______ to the senses. The dancers gently move their hips back and forth while singing and telling a story with their fingers. Hula kahikos can be funny fishermen stories, or very serious historical tales. (ii) _______ them were performed to entertain or praise kings or chiefs. But (iii) _______ serious hulas were religious performances made inside a temple. It was a sign of bad luck to make a mistake during a hula performance. Therefore, dancers were secluded inside the temple while learning the dance. They could not (iv) _______ by anybody, and were not allowed to leave until they knew the dance by heart and could execute (v) _______ without any mistakes

(iv)_____