We are using up the world’s petroleum. We use (i) _______ in our cars and to heat our building in winter. Farmers use petrochemicals to make the soil rich. They use them to kill insects (ii) _______ eat plants. These chemicals go into rivers and lakes and kill the fish there. Thousands of pollutants also go into the air and pollute it. Winds carry this (iii) _______ air to other countries and other continents. Poor farmers use the same land over and over. The land needs a rest, so it will be better next year. However, the farmers must have food this year. In some areas when the trees are gone, the land (iv) _______ desert. The people and the nations of the world must work together to (v) _______ the world’s resources.

(iii)______

Hanji, literally (i) _______ “Korean Paper”, is traditional Korean paper that is hand-made by processing the bark of the mulberry plant. Unlike machine-made paper, Hanji is a handmade fiber paper and (ii) _______ a long manual process. Hanji is made of 100% pure mulberry, which makes the paper fibers very durable (iii) _______ keeping its surface smooth. It has been called the “living paper” since Hanji communes with nature.

The history of Hanji started about 1,600 years ago, but the Koryo and Chosun Dynasties were times (iv) _______ handicraft became specialized and handicraft production boomed. It had many uses from books and wrapping paper to various housewares, such as plates and boxes, and it could be (v) _______ -Hanji craftwork was commonly used regardless of their class. Chango-ji, window or door paper, was also a kind of Hanji.

(ii)_____

Work engineers are (i) _______ riding with drivers, timing everything from stops at traffic lights, to wait at customer’s doorway, to stairway climbs, to coffee break. And they are not (ii) _______  to pointing out the occasional inefficiency. Additionally, supervisors ride with the least good drivers, noting how they work and constantly (iii) _______ them until their work is up to standard. The (iv) _______ of all this work engineering is efficiency, and UPS has been called one of the most efficient companies anywhere. Il’s also a highly profitable company. Most drivers take the regimentation in stride: many show pride in meeting the UPS standards each day. Others, however, feel that they are constantly being pushed, that it is impossible for them to (v) _______ at work. UPS officials claim that the standards provide accountability. And, they say, employees who work according to UPS standards should feel less tired al the end of the day.

(iii)____

Once upon a time, people left school or university, joined a company and stayed with it until they retired. The concept of a job for life is now long (i) _______ , and nowadays many employees find it hard to stay loyal to their companies for even a relatively short period of time. According to a recent survey, this is particularly (ii) _______ in London, where more than half of those asked said that they constantly keep one eye on other job opportunities (iii) _______ they are fairly happy in their existing jobs. A high number of London workers say that they are always on the (iv) _______ although they are content andmotivated in their current position. Job seekers find that the internet (v) _______ them with a quick and easy way to find out what’s available, and 53 per cent said that they had applied for a job or registered with an employment agency in the past 12 months.

(iv)______

To many people the idea of graffiti has negative images and responses. If the drawings are done on surfaces without permission, it is thought of as vandalism. And in many instances, a crime. In most countries of the world graffiti, not only has negative connotations but is also considered illegal. One of the reasons is that graffiti is placed on buildings and property not owned by the painter. And where it is applied without (i) _______ , it is usually done quickly W’ith products such as permanent markers and spray paint. Historically, though, graffiti was important to the Romans because it was a way of expressing the knowledge they had as a people as well as a way of expressing their appreciation of beauty of (ii) _______      subjects. Today, tourists can see for themselves examples of ancient graffiti when they visit the catacombs in Rome or Pompeii. Modem graffiti is considered an art form, but it is one whichis greatly misunderstood by most people. In the 1970s, when the punk rock movement was big, many of the anti­establishment groups wrote and drew on walls and other surfaces to draw attention to their cause, group, or agenda. A lot of bands also used graffiti to (iii) _______ recognition and notoriety. For about a (iv) _______ of a century, from the mid 1960s to the late 1980s, graffiti was considered in its prime as an art form. In urban areas, graffiti could be seen on the walls of vacant buildings, on subway station walls, and on the subway cars themselves. Political activities used the medium to transmit their messages because it was an easy and inexpensive way to do (v) _______.

(iv)______

 I … a meeting on Zoom for 1 hour

Most of his clothes were handed _____ to him by his older brother. 

The Solar System is (i) _______ the Sun and eight planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. The first four planets are (ii) _______ terrestrial planets because they are rocky. They are smaller and denser than the outer planets. They contain a high amount of metals and they have less gas than the outer planets. Mercury has no atmosphere, but Venus, Earth and Mars have atmospheres of varying thicknesses. Their rotation is slower and their orbits are closer together. The outer four planets are known as gas giants. They are also known as Jovian planets, (iii) _______ the planet Jupiter because of their gigantic Jupiter-like (iv) _______. They have a large diameter and a very thick atmosphere. Although their surfaces contain large amounts of gases, their cores are probably solid. All four Jovian planets have rings although only Saturn’s ring system is (v) _______ from Earth.

(i)_____-

Half of the money … to Mr. Lam.

Instead of throwing in the towel, Shakira kept her focus on music and participated (i)  ______  a televised singing competition for children, (ii) ______  she started being invited to various events in Barranquilla and became a local celebrity. When she turned 13, she caught the eye of theatre producer Monica Ariza, who took her under her wing and made her name (iii) ______  outside Barranquilla. On a flight from her hometown to the Colombian capital of Bogota, Ariza happened to sit next to Sony executive C’iro Vargas, who agreed to hold an audition for Shakira a few weeks later inside a hotel lobby. Vargas was (iv) ______  impressed with the budding new artist and praised her in lavish terms to the Sony artist directors. They, (v) ______  , were less excited and thought Shakira was a “lost cause’’ until Vargas tricked them into a surprise audition with the singer at a bar in Bogota, which resulted in Shakira’s signing a deal with Sony for three recorded albums.

(v)_____

Scientists therefore agree that it is (i) ________ spread of global warming before it is too late. Solar radiation and volcanic emissions (ii) ________ produce natural global warming. Yet. the major responsibility for turning global warming into a potential dangerous activity falls on humans. Ever since the Industrial Revolution, the burning of fossil fuels to power cars and generate electricity (iii) ________ to the ever-increasing emission of toxic carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. These gases trap heat and lead to the formation of the so-called greenhouse effect, which in turn (iv) ________ global temperatures. Only decisive government measures will curb down and limit the growth of this destructive (v) ________ on our planet.

(iii)______

In (i) _______ times Poland was part of the Russian Empire and began its struggle for independence. Russia managed to (ii) _______ an end to the rebellion for years after persecuted and harassed its Polish citizens, especially those of Jewish origin. Even though Maria was a Catholic born into a gentry’s family, she was a mere female and thus felt that oppression stronger than many others. She was denied entrance into any university and had to work as a governess (iii) _______ the fact that she had once of the highest IQ’s ever (iv) _______ among women. Maria also had an amazing memory and was a workhorse, who neglected food and sleep in order to study and get the job done. (v) _______ those pressures led to a mental breakdown, and Maria was hospitalized for a year after graduating from high school.

(iv)____

I was sure she knew the answer but for some reason she hung ______. 

Think of a triangle when you think of the structure of the U.S. federal court system. The federal court system’s structure, when (i) _______ as a triangle, is easy to understand. At the lowest level, or the base of the triangle, are the trial courts which are called the District Courts. The next level contains the Circuit Courts of Appeals, and at the top of the triangle is the United States Supreme Court. Article III of the United States Constitution establishes the federal court system. The document provides for the Supreme Court, (ii) _______ court of the country, and the Constitution is considered the supreme law of the land.

The Constitution also provides that other inferior tribunals shall be established. The word “inferior’ in this sense means “lesser”or “lower” and even though the names or duties of the inferior tribunals are not spelled (iii) _______ in the Constitution, these courts have been established by Congress. The inferior tribunals are the District Courts and the Circuit Courts of Appeals. The Constitution also establishes special courts to (iv) _______ special types of eases. One types of special court is the court that deals with issues involving patents and one special court is the Bankruptcy Court. (v) _______, the Constitution explains that federal judges, who are appointed by the President, will serve during a term of good behavior.

(iii)_____

Laos and Cambodia have big plans for building up to 11 ___________ on the lower Mekong.

Instead of throwing in the towel, Shakira kept her focus on music and participated (i)  ______  a televised singing competition for children, (ii) ______  she started being invited to various events in Barranquilla and became a local celebrity. When she turned 13, she caught the eye of theatre producer Monica Ariza, who took her under her wing and made her name (iii) ______  outside Barranquilla. On a flight from her hometown to the Colombian capital of Bogota, Ariza happened to sit next to Sony executive C’iro Vargas, who agreed to hold an audition for Shakira a few weeks later inside a hotel lobby. Vargas was (iv) ______  impressed with the budding new artist and praised her in lavish terms to the Sony artist directors. They, (v) ______  , were less excited and thought Shakira was a “lost cause’’ until Vargas tricked them into a surprise audition with the singer at a bar in Bogota, which resulted in Shakira’s signing a deal with Sony for three recorded albums.

(iii)_____

It would fall (i) _______ the shoulders of the rulers of the Middle Kingdom to restore Egypt’s former glory and herald the beginning of the classical era. After a century of civil war, the southern warrior princes of Thebes defeated their northern rivals in Hcraklciopolis and were responsible for placing Egypt under one single ruler. Under the 11th Dynasty, Egypt’s capital was moved from Memphis to Thebes, while the local god Amun of Karnak gained significant status and (ii) _______ up replacing Ra as the main god. Pharaoh Mentuhotep (2008 – 1957 BC) continued the tradition of building royal and religious structures With the construction of a funerary temple in Thebes. (iii) _______  pharaohs kept strengthening the royal administration, reclaiming land for agricultural purposes and (iv) _______ art and classical literature. The energetic and capable Amcncmhct III established new trading routes by digging a canal to connect the Nile river with the Red Sea just as Senwosret III consolidated and expanded Egypt’s borders to include (v) _______ fertile territories as Nubia, Sudan and Canaan

(i)_____

Animism is another important belief of Polynesian cultures. With animism, the spirits (i) _______ to have personalities and human-like traits. Sometimes the spirits are referred to as “he” and “she” by people who believe in animism. Spirits are reported to animate natural objects and everything in nature – whether a flower, dirt, or a rock – are thought to have their own unique, different spirit. The Native American cultures also believed in animism, but their concept of this belief was (ii) _______ different from the Polynesians’ belief. While the Polynesians believed everything possessed different spirits, the Native Americans believed that everything in nature had the same spirit. Both cultures believed that the spirits could be good, bad, or neutral (iii) _______ that the spirits could be loving, frightening, or mischievous.

They also believed that if people did things to displease the spirits then the spirits might respond to those who had displeased them in unfriendly and unpleasant ways. Most cultures believe in the ghosts or souls of ancestors because most cultures believe there is a separation of the body and soul (iv) _______ death.

The cultures which believe in ancestral spirits believe these spirits remain an integral part of the family and that, if treated well, the ancestors will bless the families in many ways – whether in business success, agricultural production, or personal relationships. Asian cultures (v) _______ to have a more favourable attitude about ancestral spirits than do the European cultures who often believe that the ghosts of ancestors can be dangerous and do frightening things such as haunting houses.

(v)_____

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions: 

It was too late to stop the panic that had resulted from the false news report.

I don’t usually play tricks on people, but when our boss, Mr Budd, bought himself a new hat, my friend had an idea that was impossible to resist. Every day Mr Budd (i) _______ hang up his hat in the hallway and disappear into his office. So one lunch time we went into town and bought two hats identical to Mr Budd’s, except that one was much larger, and the other much smaller, than his. When we (ii) _______ to the office, we took Mr Budd’s hat off the hook and replaced it with the large one. That evening he put the hat on and went home, saying nothing to anyone in spite of the fact that his hat was resting on his cars. The next day we (iii) _______ the small hat for the large one, and Mr Budd went home with it sitting high on top of his head. He looked a bit worried, but he still didn’t say a word to anyone. This continued for a few weeks. Sometimes we would put Mr Budd’s (iv) _______ hat on the hook, sometimes one of the others. Everyone in the office knew about the joke, except Mr BudD. Eventually, he got so worried that he went to the doctor, (v) _______ that his head was growing and shrinking day by day.

(ii)_____

As President, Grant had the task of continuing to attempt (i) _______ reunify the American nation after its Civil War. One of Grant’s accomplishments as President was the enactment of the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution which ensured voting rights for blacks. Grant is also remembered as the President who signed the bill into law which created America’s first national park – Yellowstone Park. But financial problems throughout the land while Grant was in office (ii) _______ the Panic of 1873.

Grant was criticized for his indecisiveness, failure to lake decisive action, and inability to helo the American economy during the Panic, and in the next elections the (iii) _______  won more scats in Congress and look the Presidency. Several scandals occurred during Grant’s administration. Grant was an (iv) _______ man but had appointed loyal friends and supporters to serve in governmental capacities.

Some of his appointees were involved in the corruption. It is thought that Grant’s early business failures and lack of success in personal relationships with other military leaders and businessman (v) _______ reasons why Grant appointed those who had remained loyal to him and had been nice to him even though they were not political astute.

(iv)_____