The Christian Church split up at the (i) _______ of the 12th century because some technical differences. It got divided after important churchmen could not agree on which calendar to use when calculating religious holidays. The head of the Western Christian Church was the Pope in Rome. He is (ii) _______ the leader of this Church (iii) _______  is now called the Roman Church or the Catholic Church.

Catholics use the more modem Gregorian calendar to calculate religious holidays. Pope Gregory XIII devised the Gregorian calendar in order to simplify the ancient Julian calendar invented by the Roman Emperor Julius Caesar. According to the Gregorian calendar, Easter (iv) _______ anytime from Mareh 22nd to April 25lh. Therefore, in some years, Catholic and Orthodox Easter are a month apart while in (v) _______ years, they fall right on the same date.

(ii)______

The Amazon rainforest is in very big danger of disappearing. 9,169 square miles of forest (i) _______ down in 2003 in Brazil (ii) _______. An area of the size of a football field is burned down basically every minute, which means that the rain forest may be gone by the year 2030. The dangers related to this type of activity are very obvious. Trees (iii) _______ poisonous carbon dioxide from the air and give off oxygen. There is more oxygen and (iv) _______ carbon dioxide around a rainforest. When trees are cut down, however, the amount of carbon dioxide increases and the air gets wanner. This leads to global wanning, which is extremely harmful to the environment. (v) _______ is estimated that the burning of Brazilian rainforests alone produces 200 million metric tones of carbon dioxide a year.

(ii)_____

We have permission to _______ with the plan. 

The seashore or coastline (i) _______ the unique area where seawater borders land to create a diverse and very important ecosystem. It is special in that the freshwater carried along by rivers and streams flows into the ocean and mixes with salt water to provide rich nutrients and food to a variety (ii) _______ marine plants and animals. The wildlife along the coast is part of a never-ending food chain as each tiny insect (iii) _______ on its nourishment on other even smaller creatures; (iv) _______, any human (v) _______ in the life cycle of the seashore will cause irreparable damage to the environment in the long run.

(v)____

Animism is another important belief of Polynesian cultures. With animism, the spirits (i) _______ to have personalities and human-like traits. Sometimes the spirits are referred to as “he” and “she” by people who believe in animism. Spirits are reported to animate natural objects and everything in nature – whether a flower, dirt, or a rock – are thought to have their own unique, different spirit. The Native American cultures also believed in animism, but their concept of this belief was (ii) _______ different from the Polynesians’ belief. While the Polynesians believed everything possessed different spirits, the Native Americans believed that everything in nature had the same spirit. Both cultures believed that the spirits could be good, bad, or neutral (iii) _______ that the spirits could be loving, frightening, or mischievous.

They also believed that if people did things to displease the spirits then the spirits might respond to those who had displeased them in unfriendly and unpleasant ways. Most cultures believe in the ghosts or souls of ancestors because most cultures believe there is a separation of the body and soul (iv) _______ death.

The cultures which believe in ancestral spirits believe these spirits remain an integral part of the family and that, if treated well, the ancestors will bless the families in many ways – whether in business success, agricultural production, or personal relationships. Asian cultures (v) _______ to have a more favourable attitude about ancestral spirits than do the European cultures who often believe that the ghosts of ancestors can be dangerous and do frightening things such as haunting houses.

(iv)_____

 Lisa … a book when I saw her in the school library.

The origins of golf have been debated for quite a long time, but the Scots get the credit for practicing the sport sometime during the 15th century. Reports dating back to the Song Dynasty as early as the 10lh century (i) ________ that the Chinese nobility also used (ii) ________ a game named “chuiwan” by means of 10 different clubs, a game which later must have been imported to Europe during the Middle Ages by Mongolian travellers. Regardless of these claims, however, it remains a fact (iii) ________ the game of golf players as we know it over a distance of 18 holes is of Scottish descent. Thus a golf course is a tract of land that includes up to 18 or 19 holes, but (iv) ________ less than 9. A hole designates both the open in the ground into which a golf ball is displaced, as well as the total distance from the tee, or the starting point, to the green, or the grassy area surrounding the actual hole, which is also termed a cup. The bar of grill of the clubhouse where most golfers meet at the end of a game is referred to in colloquial terms (v) ________ “the 19th hotel”.

(iii)______

We are using up the world’s petroleum. We use (i) _______ in our cars and to heat our building in winter. Farmers use petrochemicals to make the soil rich. They use them to kill insects (ii) _______ eat plants. These chemicals go into rivers and lakes and kill the fish there. Thousands of pollutants also go into the air and pollute it. Winds carry this (iii) _______ air to other countries and other continents. Poor farmers use the same land over and over. The land needs a rest, so it will be better next year. However, the farmers must have food this year. In some areas when the trees are gone, the land (iv) _______ desert. The people and the nations of the world must work together to (v) _______ the world’s resources.

(v)______

Vincent Van Gogh is a very famous painter from the 19th century. Van Gogh’s paintings are sold at very high prices because many collectors want his paintings. But unfortunately, when he was (i) _______ he did not have a happy life. Van Gogh was from a poor family in Holland and lived (ii) _______ his life at home. He lived a rather sad and (iii) _______ life. He drew things that he could sec cither around the quiet town of his parents’ home or outside his window. This was why he painted things like the sky, his room and even himself. Van Gogh once cut off his own car after drawing a picture of himself. He cut it off to show the person that said the ear in Van Gogh’s painting was not correct. It was very (iv) _______ him to do such a thing. Van Gogh was also (v) _______ a crazy man. He really did become crazy, and was sent to a mental hospital. Sadly, he killed himself when he was just 37.

(iv)____

My father still hasn’t really _________ the death of my mother. 

The arehitects who designed the London Eye (i) _______ drew it for a competition in 1993. Subsequently, they formed a (ii) _______ with British Airways to develop the project. As the biggest observation wheel ever built, its covnstruction involved 1,700 people in five countries. Most of its (iii) _______had to be invented, and delivering them had to be coordinated with the tides in the River Thames. On average, 350 hours a week are spent (iv) _______ the maintenance of the Eye, and only distilled water is used to (v) _______ the glass.

(v)_______

In northern Europe, during the same time period traders developed a similar type of customary law for commercial relationships. The system, referred to as the Law Merchant, also prevented those who had not traded fairly and honestly with merchants (i) ______ merchants participating in the system. The Law Merchant, unlike the Maghribi association, included a system of arbitration to settle disputes. The merchants’ goal of expediting and facilitating commercial transactions continued as customary law for commercial transactions throughout the centuries. In the United States, the Law Merchant has been adapted and codified as the Uniform Commercial Code. Folk law is also customaiy law. Recently in Botswana, Africa, (ii) ______ has been an attempt to codify folk law, but some lawmakers oppose the idea because they believe that codification would limit the diversity of cultures which exists throughout the country. The legislators’ belief is that customary law relates to individual tribes and (iii) ______ the culture of each tribe is different and should be preserved. Those who (iv) ______     codification, on the other hand, contend that tribal culture would be better preserved and would provide tribal chiefs with a set of guidelines for administering justice rather than requiring the chiefs to depend upon customary laws (v)  ______ down by words of mouth from earlier generations.

(iii)______

The violence of the conflict has (i) _______ the attention of the international world, with many labelling it as the (ii) _______ humanitarian crisis since the 2004 Asian tsunami. Members of the United Nations have called upon the rest of the world to put an end to this terrible (iii) _______ and the deliberate and systematic destruction of an ethnic group. In 2004, Chad negotiated a ceasefire agreement between the Sudanese government and the JEM and SLM groups, (iv) _______ would put an end to the hostilities.

Yet, there is an uneasy truce, as the National Movement for Reform and Development (v) _______ away from the JEM during peace negotiations and stills continues its guerrilla war against the Janjaweed in spile of careful peace monitoring done by the African Union and the European Union. A new peace agreement has been proposed in May 2006, but its rejection by a couple of rebel groups docs not bode well for the future of Darfur.

(ii)______

When the war ended, Romania became a Communist country. For 50 years, people suffered (i) _______ the Communist rule. There was (ii) _______ food, no electricity or hot water in villages and small cities. Many important pieces of Romanian literature and art from the Golden Age were destroyed. People were (iii) _______ in jail; others ran illegally across the border to (iv) _______ countries. On December 16th, 1998, Romanians had had enough. There was a bloody revolution, the government was overthrown, and new elections (v) _______. Today, Romanians are trying to rebuild their future into a free country.

(iii)___

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the blanks.
The Black Cauldron, for example, failed, mainly because it was too _______ for children and too childish for adults

I see the price of bread has _______ again. 

In Britain, greetings cards are sold in chain stores and supermarkets, in newsagents’ shops, comer shops and, increasingly, in shops that specialize in the sale of cards and paper for wrapping presents in. The (i)  _______ cards are birthday and Christmas cards. Many Christmas cards are sold in aid of charity and special ‘charily card shops’ are often set up in temporary premises in the weeks before Christmas. A wide (ii) _______ of birthday cards is available to cater for different ages and tastes. Some, especially ones for young children or for people (iii) _________ a particular birthday, have the person’s age on the front. Many have comic, often risque, messages printed on them, and cartoon-style illustrations. Others are more sober, with reproductions of famous paintings or attractive original designs. The usual greeting on a birthday card is ‘Happy Birthday’, ‘Many Happy Returns’ or ‘Best Wishes for a Happy Birthday’. Some people also send special cards for Easter and New Year,Easter cards (iv) _______ portray images of spring, such as chicks, eggs, lambs, spring flowers, etc., or have a religious theme. Cards are produced for every ‘milestone’ in a person’s life. There are special cards for (v) _______ engagement, a marriage, a new home, a birth, success in an examination, retirement, a death in the family, etC. Some are ‘good luck’ or ‘congratulations’ cards. Others, for example ‘get weir cards for people who are ill, express sympathy.

(i)______

In northern Europe, during the same time period traders developed a similar type of customary law for commercial relationships. The system, referred to as the Law Merchant, also prevented those who had not traded fairly and honestly with merchants (i) ______ merchants participating in the system. The Law Merchant, unlike the Maghribi association, included a system of arbitration to settle disputes. The merchants’ goal of expediting and facilitating commercial transactions continued as customary law for commercial transactions throughout the centuries. In the United States, the Law Merchant has been adapted and codified as the Uniform Commercial Code. Folk law is also customaiy law. Recently in Botswana, Africa, (ii) ______ has been an attempt to codify folk law, but some lawmakers oppose the idea because they believe that codification would limit the diversity of cultures which exists throughout the country. The legislators’ belief is that customary law relates to individual tribes and (iii) ______ the culture of each tribe is different and should be preserved. Those who (iv) ______     codification, on the other hand, contend that tribal culture would be better preserved and would provide tribal chiefs with a set of guidelines for administering justice rather than requiring the chiefs to depend upon customary laws (v)  ______ down by words of mouth from earlier generations.

(i)______

Instead of throwing in the towel, Shakira kept her focus on music and participated (i)  ______  a televised singing competition for children, (ii) ______  she started being invited to various events in Barranquilla and became a local celebrity. When she turned 13, she caught the eye of theatre producer Monica Ariza, who took her under her wing and made her name (iii) ______  outside Barranquilla. On a flight from her hometown to the Colombian capital of Bogota, Ariza happened to sit next to Sony executive C’iro Vargas, who agreed to hold an audition for Shakira a few weeks later inside a hotel lobby. Vargas was (iv) ______  impressed with the budding new artist and praised her in lavish terms to the Sony artist directors. They, (v) ______  , were less excited and thought Shakira was a “lost cause’’ until Vargas tricked them into a surprise audition with the singer at a bar in Bogota, which resulted in Shakira’s signing a deal with Sony for three recorded albums.

(i)_____

There was a power cut and all the lights _______. 

The arehitects who designed the London Eye (i) _______ drew it for a competition in 1993. Subsequently, they formed a (ii) _______ with British Airways to develop the project. As the biggest observation wheel ever built, its covnstruction involved 1,700 people in five countries. Most of its (iii) _______had to be invented, and delivering them had to be coordinated with the tides in the River Thames. On average, 350 hours a week are spent (iv) _______ the maintenance of the Eye, and only distilled water is used to (v) _______ the glass.

(iv)_______