In Korea, in former days, the marriage between a man and woman represented the joining of two families, rather (i) _______ the joining of two individuals. The event (ii) _______ Tacryc (Great Ritual), and people from all over the village or neighborhood participated. The ceremonies and events surrounding the actual marriage were long and (iii) _______. Professional matchmakers paired up likely candidates for marriage, with the new couple often meeting for the first time at their wedding. The families considered many factors in the decision, consulting with fortune tellers for (iv) _______ about the couple’s future life together. During the Chosun period, people married (v) _______ their early teens, with the girl often being several years older than the boy.

(i)______

Following his release, Mandela declared that violence and war are not the answer to the end of apartheid in South Africa, but rather peaceful opposition to this change of heart proved to be (i) _______ as he won the first free democratic elections in South Africa and (ii) _______  the country’s first black president in 1994. During his presidency (May 1994 – June 1999), Nelson Mandela succeeded in bringing peace to South Africa by promoting racial tolerance and understanding and by coming to an understanding with the white population. (iii) _______ an international level, Mandela also managed to peacefully solve the long-running conflict between the USA and the UK on one hand, and the African country of Libya on the (iv) _______. Even though he was criticized for not being able to stop the spread of HIV in South Africa and for not achieving social reforms, Nelson Mandela was highly respected for his policy of peace and (v) _______ and received the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1993.

(iv)_____

Trends in worldwide energy use point up an urgent need to expedite the development of technology that can wean the world % from fossil fuels. Many experts contend that the recent increases in the price of oil will not be followed, as in the past, by an casing off after a year or two. Even if that were not the ease, the world would have to be concerned about inevitable constraints on supply. Gasoline and diesel engines in motor vehicles consume the (i) _______ majority of fossil fuel used outside power generation. The only technology currently in the pipeline for rescuing transportation from a very serious oil crunch is (ii)  _______ vehicles operating with hydrogen fuel-cell engines. Private industry, long a mere bystander in the development of the hydrogen economy, is now (iii) _______ the way to develop affordable and environmentally desirable hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles. The United States government is spending about $ 100 million per year for researeh on hydrogen vehicles and hydrogen-slorage technology. Major automobile manufactures claim they will have (iv) _______ hydrogen cars by 2015. These cars, it should be noted, will produce no greenhouse gases. Like any new fuel technology, hydrogen will require infrastructure. Plants to generate usable hydrogen, pipelines to move it, and depots in which to store it, must be put in place. Stations for refilling a vehicle’s hydrogen tank must be as common as ordinary gas stations before many consumers will venture onto the open road with hydrogen cars, yet this is not an unrealistic scenario. Most probably, existing oil and gasoline infrastructure can be affordably – and incrementally – (v) _______ to hydrogen infrastructure.

(iii)_____-

Emily Can- had a very strong (i) _______ . She was very independent and creative, (ii) _______ she was also moody and unfriendly with people she didn’t like. In the studio (iii) _______ painted, the chairs were hanging from the ceiling with ropes so there was no place for visitors to sit down. Maybe if she liked the visitor, she would use a rope to (iv) _______ a chair to sit on! She had a soft spot for (v)_______ and kept dogs, cats, rabbits and even a pct monkey named “Woo”!

(ii)____

Development economics is the branch of economics that focuses (i)  _______  the special economic problems faced by poor and undeveloped countries. (ii) _______ classical economics, development economics studies the social and political factors that affect economic growth. It (iii) _______  the problem of Third World debt and the role of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund in continuing that debt with strict repayment rules. Scholars in the field have proposed that the best long­term solution is to excuse much of the debt. Debtor nations also must be helped to establish (iv) _______ governments and self-sustaining economics. The goal is to help them become trading partners with creditor nations. An important means to that end is to encourage the growth of a strong middle class. Some ways to do that (v) _______ guaranteeing education for all, allowing free trade, and providing medical care. Governments must allow for elected representatives and independent court systems.

(i)_____

Liza Cooke works (i) _______ vso, a voluntary charity organization. For the last three years she (ii) _______ English in a primary school in a small village in Nigeria. Before that she lived with her parents in a semi-detached house in Croydon, and worked in an office in north London. Her life changed dramatically after she decided to join vso as a volunteer worker. “I used to travel to work every day by train. The journey would take between forty minutes and an hour. Now it only takes me a few minutes. I used to work in a large office with about thirty other people. Now 1 teach classes of up to fifty children. I still work (iii)         _______  well, more or less. The classroom has walls but no windows! I used to hale my office job. It was so boring. But teaching is so different -I really enjoy it. Of course, working in an office and living at home (iv) _______ that I had a lot of free time. I would go out every night of the week and enjoy myself. I never stayed at home. Now 1 find 1 have hardly (v) _______ free time, but I don’t mind. I seem to spend most of my free time doing

(iV)______

Maria Mutola is a great athlete off the field as well. She has started the Lurdcs Mutola Foundation. This charity program (i) ________ money for the development of sports and the education of young people in Africa. It also works to stop the spread of AIDS and HIV in poor countries, and to have (ii) _________  African children protected against such dangerous childhood diseases as measles and polio. Maria Mutola has also donated money to build new social houses in Maputo (iii) ________ a modern outdoor running track. She is also involved (iv) ________  promoting sports without drugs and doping. For her achievements, Maria Mutola has been made a youth ambassador for the United Nations in 1993. She also (v) ________ the official Olympic Flag at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin.

(v)______

He leaned back, exulting _____ the success of his plan. 

The battle was on, and the Canadians delivered. After (i) ________ minor step errors by Sikharulidze, Sale and Pelletier gave a mesmerizing performance and people were expecting them to win. The shock came when 4 (ii) ________ 5 judges placed the Canadians in second place. The public booed as the gracious, yet the confused pair accepted their silver medal. An official protest was launched and, following the results of a formal investigation, it was determined that the French judge had been pressured into giving the highest mark to the Russian skaters in return for a win of the French couple Marina Anissina and Gwcndal Pcizcrat in the ice dancing competition. The judge at (iii) ________ was promptly suspended, and a second gold medal was awarded to the Canadian team. A new marking system was (iv) ________  place in order to (v) ________ any future possibilities for misconduct.

(ii)_____

Scientific remedies are not the only ways people combat motion sickness. Ginger has long been used as a traditional home remedy to (i) ________ upset stomach. Now ginger being used to help alleviate the nauseous effects of motion sickness. Ginger root, taken in the form of capsules, has been the subject of studies on motion sickness and has been found to be effective in helping keep the sickness from materializing. Ginger root, consumed in its raw form, however, has been found to have severe irritating effects on people. The effectiveness of the capsules containing ginger root (ii) ________ to result from the herb’s acting within the gastrointestinal tract to absorb toxins and gastric activity. Ginger tea, cookies, candy and even ginger ale have also been found helpful in preventing and remedying motion sickness. Vitamin B6 has been reported to be a nausea (iii) ________ as has been aromatherapy. (iv) ________ all of the scientific and natural herbal remedies considered to be solutions for motion sickness, some people think that scientific assistance is (v) ________ little value and that keeping their eyes on the horizon, eliminating reading in closed quarters, rest, and getting as much fresh air as possible are better solutions for the balance problems caused by motion.

(i)_______

Although the act of writing a book is by necessity a (i) _______ process, it’s often after publication that the sense of isolation is the strongest. Many writers long for critical feedback, but have little (ii) _______  to the average reader’s opinion. While it may be true that good reviews in newspapers and magazines can be gratifying, they’re of little help in establishing what ordinary people think of your work. So, well done to those websites where anyone with access to the Internet can post an opinion about any book. (iii) _______       this, these customer reviews are not without risk. Most writers can expect some glowing praise from family or friends but these reviews are easy to recognize since they tend to be sent in anonymously. On the other hand, visits to these websites can also result in great anxiety. It might well be the (iv) _______ that you receive an unkind review and there is no kind editor to shield you. You can expect most reviewers to be brief but there are those who write long, strangely formal essays, usually containing references to classical literature, presumably in (v) _______ to impress others with their literary knowledge. If you are a sensitive author, I suggest you think twice before you go off searehing for reviews on-line rather than in the safer, traditional places.

(i)_____

While the hair, skin, and nails show outward signs of aging, the heart and other internal organs are also (i) ________ by the aging process. Usually there is restricted blood flow to the heart as people age. Part of the reason is that there is a normal atrophy of the heart muscle and the heart valves begin calcifying.

Additionally, the arteries (ii) ________ the blood passes may become less elastiC. Because of some or all of these factors, the reduced flow of blood results in a reduced stamina for people (iii) ________ there is less oxygen passing through and being exchanged in a person’s system. As people age normally, there is also a reduced efficiency of the respiratory system. People have less ability to (iv) ________ deeply and the airway passages become less elastic as a result. Smoking and pollution do not help the respiratory changes in older adults, nor docs the loss of muscle tone and strength. Physical exercise, however, seems to be one of the best ways to (v) ________ improve some cases, slop the changes breathing and muscle tone that develop as people age.

(i)______

 I … a meeting on Zoom for 1 hour

Mark the letter A, B, C, or Don your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word (s) in each of the following questions: 

A woman had a narrow escape when the car came round the corner. 

In Poland, there are many customs at Easter: for example, the ‘blessing basket’, (i) _______ (amongother things) coloured eggs, bread, salt and white sausages. (ii) _______ in the basket has a meaning: the eggs represent Christ; the bread, salt and sausages, good health and enough money in the coming year. The family Easter breakfast on Sunday morning is (iii) _______ important as Christmas dinner for Poles.

And there is one more Polish tradition connected with Easter Monday: ‘watering’. People throw water (iv) _______ each other, and this is a (v) _______ for good health, too. Even strangers on the street are not safe from a bath of cold -water on Easter Monday!

(iv)_____

Islands are geographical formations that are completely surrounded by water, yet many islands are (i) _______________ a rich assortment of plant life. It may seem surprising that so much plant life exists on many islands, yet there are surprisingly simple explanations as to (ii) _______the vegetation has been able to establish itself there. Some islands were formerly attached to larger bodies of land, (iii) _______others were created on their own. Islands that were created when Hooding or rising water levels cut them off from their neighbors often still have the plant life that they had before they were cut off. In cases where islands formed out of the ocean, they may have plant life from neighboring lands even though they were never actually attached to the neighboring lands. Winds (iv) _______many seeds to islands; some plants produce extremely light seeds that can float thousands of feet above the Earth and then drift down to islands where y can sprout and develop. Birds also carry seeds to islands; as birds move over open stretches of water, they can (v)       _______the transportation system to spread seeds from place to place.

(ii)____

The Solar System is (i) _______ the Sun and eight planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. The first four planets are (ii) _______ terrestrial planets because they are rocky. They are smaller and denser than the outer planets. They contain a high amount of metals and they have less gas than the outer planets. Mercury has no atmosphere, but Venus, Earth and Mars have atmospheres of varying thicknesses. Their rotation is slower and their orbits are closer together. The outer four planets are known as gas giants. They are also known as Jovian planets, (iii) _______ the planet Jupiter because of their gigantic Jupiter-like (iv) _______. They have a large diameter and a very thick atmosphere. Although their surfaces contain large amounts of gases, their cores are probably solid. All four Jovian planets have rings although only Saturn’s ring system is (v) _______ from Earth.

(iii)_____-

Choose the best option:

The solar panel ____ on the roofs of the house can get enough energy for the whole family.

People from all cultures and civilizations are also (i) _______ with numbers, dates and festival days. In North America, the number 13 is considered (ii) _______ unlucky that often high-rise buildings do not have a 13th floor and the apartment that should be number 13 is given another number. There is no clear reason behind this superstition, (iii) _______ there is evidence for a pathological fear of the number 13, called triskaidekaphobia. Conversely, in Japan, Korea and China, the number 4 is the one bringing bad luck since the character for this number, ‘shi’ sounds like the word ‘death’. Yet all cultures seem to agree (iv)  _______the importance of New Year’s Day. Virtually all countries have rituals surrounding this first day of the year to (v)________ good luck for the future.

(ii)_______

It is thought that Benjamin Franklin first suggested the introduction of Daylight Savings Time in the 18th century. But actually, the first serious (i) _______ came in 1907 from William Willet. Yet his idea was shelved by the British government, who refused it because they thought it was unnecessary. Daylight Savings Time was first put (ii) _______ practice by the German government in 1916 in order to save energy during the First World War. (iii) _______ the United Kingdom followed suit, with the United States doing the same in 1918. The law was very unpopular since people had to wake up earlier and many experienced jetlag. But the 1970s energy crisis forced the US (iv) _______ Daylight Savings Time the law. Studies have shown that the introduction of Daylight Savings Time in the spring saved the US 10,000 barrels of oil per day bctween 1974 and 1975. It also prevented 2,000 traffic injuries and

(i)_____

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions: The warranty guaranteed that all defective parts would be replaced without charge.