Fill in each numbered blank with one suitable word or phrase.

The United Nations Children's Fund, or UNICEF, was (1) _____ by the United Nations General Assembly on December 11, 1946, to provide emergency food and (2) _____ to children in 'countries that had been devastated by World War II. In 1953, UNICEF became a permanent part of the United Nations System and its name was shortened from the (3) _____ United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund but it has continued to be known by the popular acronym based on this old name. (4) _____ in New York City, UNICEF provides long-term humanitarian and developmental assistance to' children and mother in developing countries. UNICEF is currently focused (5) _____ five primary priorities: Child Survival and Development, Basic Education and Gender Equality, including girl's education, child protection from (6) _____, exploitation, and abuse, HIV/AIDS and children, and Policy advocacy and partnerships for children's rights. Related areas of UNICEF action include early childhood development, adolescence development and participation; life skills based education and child rights all over the world. A (7) _____ funded agency, UNICEF relies on contributions from governments and private (8) _____. Its programs emphasize developing community-level services to promote the health and well-being of children. Recently, UNICEF has begun partnerships with world-class athletes and teams to promote the organization's work and to (9) _____ funds. UNICEF greeting cards are sold worldwide to support efforts on behalf of children creating a better world where children are happy, healthy and live in dignity. UNICEF selects suitable paintings for reproduction from contemporary artists. Total income to UNICEF for 2006 was 2,781,000,000. UNICEF was (10) _____ the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 and Prince of Asturias Award of Concord in 2006. UNICEF is present in 190 countries and territories around the world. 

(6) _____

Reading the following passage and mark the letter on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word that best fits each of the numbered blank from 34 to 38 
Father's Day was created to complement Mother's Day. Like Mother's Day (34) ______ honors mothers and motherhood, Father's Day celebrates fatherhood and paternal bonds; it highlights the (35)_______ of fathers in society. Many countries celebrate it on the third Sunday of June, but it is also celebrated widely on other days. Historically, Sonora Smart Dodd was the woman behind the celebration of male parenting. Her father, the Civil War veteran William Jackson Smart, was a single parent who (36) _______ his six children there. After hearing a sermon about Jarvis' Mother's Day in 1909, she told her pastor that fathers should have a similar holiday honoring them. Although she initially suggested June 5, her father's birthday, the pastors did not have enough time to prepare their sermons, and the celebration was deferred to the third Sunday of June. The first celebration was in Spokane. Washington at the YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) on June 19,1910. Since then it has become a traditional day (37) ________ year. 
In recognition of what fathers do for their families, on this day people may have a party celebrating male parenting or simply make a phone call or send a greeting card. (38) _________, schools help children prepare handmade gifts for their fathers many days before the celebration. 

Question 35:.....................

TRANSPORT IN THE CITY
Transport plays an important role in our daily lives and in the quality of life in our city. Moreover, the individual decisions we make when we choose how to (38)_______our destination can have an impact (39) _____other people – longer traffic queues, worsening air quality, greater number of accidents and health problems. Providing more transport options will create a transport system that is safe, clean and fair.
Increasing use of the car has led to greater (40) ____ of the impact it has and the real cost to us – for our health, for the economy and for the environment. We want our city to become a successful, cosmopolitan city by the sea, (41) _______people can enjoy a high quality of life in a pleasant environment. To (42)_______this we need to make sure everyone has access to the services and facilities they need, through a choice of as many different means of transport as possible.
(41)....................................

Read‌ ‌the‌ ‌following‌ ‌passage‌ ‌and‌ ‌mark‌ ‌the‌ ‌letter‌ ‌A,‌ ‌B,‌ ‌C‌ ‌or‌ ‌D‌ ‌on‌ ‌your‌ ‌answer‌ ‌sheet‌ ‌to‌ ‌choose‌ ‌the‌ ‌word or‌ ‌
phrase‌ ‌that‌ ‌best‌ ‌fits‌ ‌each‌ ‌other‌ ‌numbered‌ ‌blanks. ‌ ‌
 ‌‌Since‌ ‌mobile‌ ‌phones’‌ ‌explosion‌ ‌in‌ ‌popularity,‌ ‌many‌ ‌schools‌ ‌have‌ ‌resisted,‌ ‌or‌ ‌even‌ ‌banned,‌ ‌their‌ ‌use in‌ ‌the‌ ‌classroom.‌ ‌Yet‌ ‌an‌ ‌increasing‌ ‌‌(34)‌ ‌_______‌ ‌‌of‌ ‌educators‌ ‌are‌ ‌now‌ ‌turning‌ ‌to‌ ‌cell‌ ‌phones‌ ‌in‌ ‌order‌ ‌to bolster‌ ‌student‌ ‌engagement‌ ‌and‌ ‌learning‌ ‌‌(35)‌ ‌_______‌ ‌‌mobile-phone‌ ‌use‌ ‌should‌ ‌be‌ ‌limited‌ ‌to‌ ‌situations‌ ‌where‌ ‌the‌ ‌technology‌ ‌genuinely‌ ‌enhances‌ ‌instruction,‌ ‌the‌ ‌advanced‌ ‌functionality‌ ‌of‌ ‌today's‌ ‌cell‌ ‌phones‌ ‌makes‌ ‌them‌ ‌ideal‌ ‌for‌ ‌2‌ ‌1st‌ ‌century‌ ‌lessons.‌ ‌For‌ ‌example,‌ ‌many‌ ‌schools‌ ‌use‌ ‌the‌ ‌devices‌ ‌to‌ ‌poll‌ ‌students‌ ‌in‌ ‌class‌ ‌via‌ ‌text‌ ‌message. ‌ ‌
Some‌ ‌schools‌ ‌encourage‌ ‌students‌ ‌to‌ ‌use‌ ‌their‌ ‌phones‌ ‌Cameras‌ ‌to‌ ‌snap‌ ‌pictures‌ ‌for‌ ‌use‌ ‌as‌ ‌inspiration‌ ‌in an‌ ‌classes.‌ ‌Others‌ ‌allow‌ ‌students‌ ‌to‌ ‌capture‌ ‌photographs‌ ‌of‌ ‌a‌ ‌post-lecture‌ ‌whiteboard.‌ ‌In‌ ‌seconds,‌ ‌kids‌ ‌car‌ ‌grab‌ ‌a‌ ‌detailed‌ ‌image‌ ‌of‌ ‌a‌ ‌teacher's‌ ‌notes‌ ‌on‌ ‌the‌ ‌board‌ ‌and‌ ‌email‌ ‌it‌ ‌themselves,‌ ‌resulting‌ ‌‌(36) ‌ ‌_______‌ ‌‌incredible‌ ‌study‌ ‌tool.  ‌ ‌
On‌ ‌field‌ ‌‌(37)‌ ‌_______,‌ ‌‌students‌ ‌can‌ ‌participate‌ ‌in‌ ‌scavenger‌ ‌hunts‌ ‌by‌ ‌snapping‌ ‌pictures‌ ‌of‌ ‌items‌ ‌on a‌ ‌teacher-supplied‌ ‌list.‌ ‌Mobile‌ ‌phones‌ ‌can‌ ‌also‌ ‌help‌ ‌‌(38)‌ ‌_______‌ ‌‌class‌ ‌discussion.‌ ‌Teachers‌ ‌might‌ ‌ask‌ ‌students‌ ‌to‌ ‌run‌ ‌a‌ ‌Google‌ ‌Search‌ ‌for‌ ‌information‌ ‌on‌ ‌a‌ ‌particular‌ ‌topic.‌ ‌An‌ ‌alternative‌ ‌to‌ ‌presenting‌ ‌the information‌ ‌via‌ ‌
lecture‌ ‌or‌ ‌having‌ ‌students‌ ‌read‌ ‌it‌ ‌from‌ ‌a‌ ‌textbook,‌ ‌discussion-integrated‌ ‌Web‌ ‌searches are‌ ‌potentially‌ ‌more‌ ‌engaging,‌ ‌increasing‌ ‌the‌ ‌adds‌ ‌that‌ ‌students‌ ‌will‌ ‌retain‌ ‌the‌ ‌information. ‌ ‌ ‌

Question‌ ‌36.‌ ‌................

Choose the option among A, B, C or D that best answers the question about the passage:

"The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) encourages and coordinates sound environmental practices throughout the world. It grapples with ways to approach environmental problems on an international level, provides expertise to member countries, monitors environmental conditions worldwide, develops environmental standards, and recommends alternative energy sources.
 UNEP‘s work is guided by principles adopted at the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development, also known as the Earth Summit. The summit, which took place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was the largest such conference ever held, attracting with more than 100 national leaders.
 The major theme of the 1992 Earth Summit was sustainable economic development, meaning development that does not use up or destroy so many of the world’s natural resources that it cannot be sustained over time. The meeting produced an overall plan, called Agenda 21, in which large developing countries promised to develop their Industries with an eye to protecting the environment. Industrialized countries pledged to help them do that. The Earth Summit also produced major treaties on biodiversity and global warming, although the latter treaty lacked enforcement provisions.
 In 2002, UNEP sponsored the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, South Africa. This conference sought to help developing countries, undergo industrialization without harming the environment. But progress on environmental issues is slow because proposed Solutions continue to pit the interests of poorer developing countries against those of richer industrialized nations. Most developing countries cannot afford to build an environmentally sound industrial base, while industrialized countries are unwilling to absorb the entire cost of environmental reform."

3. What are the major themes of the Earth Summit?

There is a strange paradox to the success of the Asian education model. On the one hand, class sizes are huge by Western standards with between 30 and 40 students per class, in countries like Japan and Korea. On the other hand, school children in developed Asian economies rank among the highest in the world for academic achievement in the areas of science and mathematics, especially on standardised tests. Meanwhile, British secondary school students fail to shine in conditions most educational researchers would say are far more likely to help them succeed.

Classroom management seems to be easier in places like Korea, and perhaps lessons are more effective as a direct consequence. After all, we are only too aware of the decline in discipline standards in our own school: belligerent and disrespectful students appear to be the norm these days. Teachers in Britain seem powerless to control what happens anymore. Surely this situation cannot create a very effective learning environment, so perhaps the number of students is far less relevant than is the manner in which they conduct themselves.

But there are other factors to consider, too. There is the home environment. The traditional family unit still remains relatively intact in Korea. Few children come from broken homes, so there is a sense of security, safety and trust both at home and at school. In Britain meanwhile, one in every two marriages fails and divorce rates are sky high. Perhaps children struggle to cope with unstable family conditions and their only way to express their frustration is by misbehaving at school.

But while the Japanese, Korean and Asian models generally do seem to produce excellent results, the statistics don’t tell the whole truth. You see, behind those great maths and science scores, there is a quite remarkable work ethic. Asian students tend to put their education before literally everything else. They do very few extracurricular activities and devote far more time to their studies than their British peers.

There has been a lot of attention and praise given to these Asian models and their “impressive” statistics of late. And without question, some of this praise is justified, but it seems to be a case of two extremes in operation here. At one end, there is the discipline and unbelievably hard work ethic of the Asian students – success in education before all else. At the other end, British students at times appear careless and extremely undisciplined by comparison, but at least they Do have the free time to enjoy their youth and explore their interests. Is either system better outright? Or is it perhaps about time we stopped comparing and started trying to combine the best bits of both, so that we can finally offer our students a balanced, worthwhile education

The word “They” in paragraph 4 refers to_______.

TRANSPORT IN THE CITY

Transport plays an important role in our daily lives and in the quality of life in our city. Moreover, the individual decisions we make when we choose how to (38)_______our destination can have an impact (39) _____other people – longer traffic queues, worsening air quality, greater number of accidents and health problems. Providing more transport options will create a transport system that is safe, clean and fair.

Increasing use of the car has led to greater (40) ____ of the impact it has and the real cost to us – for our health, for the economy and for the environment. We want our city to become a successful, cosmopolitan city by the sea, (41) _______people can enjoy a high quality of life in a pleasant environment. To (42)_______this we need to make sure everyone has access to the services and facilities they need, through a choice of as many different means of transport as possible.

(38)..........................................

The Census Counts!
Every ten years there is a national census to count the number of people. The census counts the number of people in each area, the number of men and women, their ages, their profession, their family size and status. The census is the only way to count everyone. Its results are used by a great many people and are available to everyone. The census is useful; it helps to work out present and future needs for housing by seeing how many people are housed now, or the sizes and ages of their families. In addition, the size of annual grants made by the Government to public services depends largely on the numbers and needs of people in the area provided by the census. Furthermore, the census shows how many people have moved from one area to another and how the number of the local work force is changing.
The census is taken in order to provide the figures about the nation as a whole. It does not give information about any named person, family or household. Therefore, names and addresses are needed on the forms but they are not fed into the computer. After the census, the forms with the names on are locked away and will not be released to anyone outside the Census Office for 100 years. The answers people give on their census forms will be treated in strict confidence. Everyone working on the census is sworn to secrecy and can be sued if he or she improperly reveals information.

The word “counts” in the title means “_____________”.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

   Although speech is the most advanced form of communication, there are many ways of communicating without using speech. Signals, signs, symbols, and gestures may be found in every known culture. The basic function of signal is to impinge upon the environment in such a way that it attracts attention, as, for example, the dots and dashes of a telegraph circuit. Coded to refer to speech, the potential for communication is very great. Less adaptable to the codification of words, signs also contain meaning in and of themselves. A stop sign or a barber pole conveys meaning quickly and conveniently.

   Symbols are more difficult to describe than either signals or signs because of their intricate relationship with the receiver’s cultural perceptions. In some cultures, applauding in a theater provides performers with an auditory symbol of approval. Gestures such as waving and handshaking also communicate certain cultural messages.

   Although signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are very useful, they do have a major disadvantage in communication. They usually do not allow ideas to be shared without the sender being directly adjacent to the receiver. Without an exchange of ideas, interaction comes to a halt. As a result, means of communication intended to be used for long distances and extended periods must be based upon speech. To radio, television, and the telephone, one must add fax, paging systems, electronic mail, and the Internet, and no one doubts but that there are more means of communication on the horizon.

Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

The past fifty years or so have seen the gradual disappearance of animals from this earth, fishes from the sea, trees and plants from the land.
Many factors result in this unpleasant phenomenon. Among them, hunting is the main factor that endangers wildlife. Some people kill wildlife for sport. They take pleasure in collecting heads and hides. Yet others specialize in commercial hunting like killing whales.

Apart from this, the rapidly growing human population threatens wildlife on land, too. Towns expand and roads have to be built, so forests are burnt and trees are chopped down. It seems that man needs every inch of land within his reach, so he moves on to the natural habitat of wildlife. Tigers, lions and leopards slowly die off without the food and shelter that the forests provide.

In addition, rapid urbanization means industrial expansion. Very often, poisonous chemicals, industrial wastes and oil are dumped into the rivers and seas. Fish and birds are threatened.

Many depend greatly on animals for survival. He needs their flesh, hides and furs. Thus, man cannot do without wildlife; or he himself would become extinct. The public should be made aware that it would be better to shoot the animals with a camera than with a gun. In this way, they can preserve and help wildlife to continue living rather than to move all signs of it.
 
Man must learn to farm the sea as he does the land. He should regulate the amount of frequency of his catch. He should allow fish to breed and multiply before netting them. A man also needs to build forest reserves, and to pass a law prohibiting the killing of animals, especially those that already rare. To retain the present animal kingdom, the least that man can do is to clean the seas and rivers to prevent pollution. The cycle of nature is such that it forms a vicious circle. The insecticides and pesticides that we spray on crops can kill the birds and animals that feed on them. When a man eats these poisoned animals, he himself can die. We must therefore test the chemicals to be used before they are sprayed or it might mean the death of man!

The growing human population threatens wildlife because ___________.

Although people drive in all countries, the rules can be quite different between nations and areas. For this reason, you should always learn the laws before you decide to drive in a foreign country. If you are not careful, you can get into trouble since the rules might be very different from what you are used to. For example, you can find some big differences in laws related to the minimum driving age, the appropriate side of the road to drive on, and mobile phone use while driving.
In the U.S., people who live in Alaska may obtain a learner’s permit (legal permission to drive while being supervised) at the age of fourteen. This is quite different from the driving laws of Niger, where a person must be at least twenty-three years old to drive. If you are inquisitive to know the minimum driving age in most countries, the answer is eighteen. It may also surprise you to learn that not every country allows its citizens to drive, although most of them do. For example, women are not allowed to drive in Saudi Arabia no matter how old they are. Instead, they must have a male family member or hired male driver to travel by car.
Driving on the right or left side of the road also varies. For instance, in Great Britain, Cyprus, Australia, India, and Malaysia people drive on the left. However, in the U.S., Mexico, France, and Canada people are required to drive on the right. As a matter of fact, one country can have different driving rules for different areas. People in Hong Kong drive on the left, while drivers in other parts of China use the right side of the road.
Other driving laws that are different between countries include those related to using mobile phones. In Japan, using any kind of mobile phone device is illegal, even if you do not need to hold the phone with your hands. However, in Argentina and Australia, drivers are allowed to talk on their mobile phones as long as they do not use their hands. 
You might also find it interesting to learn that some countries have very unusual laws. For example, in the country of Cyprus, it is against the law to eat or drink anything while driving. Even more interesting is that in Germany, there is a famous road called the Autobahn, where certain parts have no speed limit at all!

The word “those” in paragraph 4 refers to_______.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction.

Despite John had a lot of things to do, he went fishing with his friends.

Read the passage below and choose one correct answer for each question.

Orbis is an organisation which helps blind people everywhere. It has built an eye hospital inside an aeroplane and flown it all over the world with an international medical team. Samantha Graham, a fourteen-year-old schoolgirl from England, went with the plane to Mongolia. Samantha tells the story of Eukhtuul, a young Mongolian girl. 'Last year, when Eukhtuul was walking home from school, she was attacked by boys with sticks and her eyes were badly damaged.  Dr Duffey, an Orbis doctor, said that without an operation she would never see again. I thought about all the everyday things I do that she couldn't, things like reading schoolbooks, watching television, seeing friends, and I realised how lucky I am.' 'The Orbis team agreed to operate on Eukhtuul and I was allowed to watch, together with some Mongolian medical students. I prayed the operation would be successful. The next day I waited nervously with Eukhtuul while Dr Duffey removed her bandages. "In six months your sight ·will be back to normal, he said.  Eukhtuul smiled, her mother cried, and I had to wipe away some tears, too!" "Now Eukhtuul wants to study hard to become a doctor. Her whole future has changed; thanks to a simple operation. We should all think more about how much our sight means to us."

What is the writer's main purpose in writing this text?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

   In Science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related. A theory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced. A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion.

   After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experiments to test the theory. If observations confirm the scientists’ predictions, the theory is supported. If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further. There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected.

   Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performing experiments. Facts by themselves arc not science. As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said: "Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house."

   Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem. After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination. Possible solutions to the problem are formulated. These possible solutions are called hypotheses. In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown. It extends the scientist's thinking beyond the known facts. The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes observations to test hypotheses. For without hypotheses, further investigation lacks purpose and direction. When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories.

Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?

Choose the answer  A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the following passage:

"The Security Council is the most powerful (1)…..  in the UN. It is responsible for maintaining international peace, and for (2)…. Peace when conflicts arise. Its decisions are binding on all UN members and have the force of international law. The Security Council has the (3)…  to define what is a threat to security, to determine how the UN should respond, and to enforce its decisions by ordering UN members to take certain (4)….. . For example, the Council may impose economic sanctions, such as halting trade with a country it considers an aggressor.
 The Security Council has 15 members, 5 of which hold permanent seats. The General Assembly elects the other 10 members for (5)….. two-year terms. The 5 permanent members - the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia (formerly the Soviet Union), and China - have the most power. These nations were the winning (6)…. at the end of World War II, and they still represent the bulk of the world's military might.
 Decisions of the Council require nine votes. But any one of the permanent members can veto an important decision. This authority is known (7) …. the veto right of the great powers. As a result, the Council is effective only when its permanent members can reach a consensus. Beginning in the 1990s, increased cooperation between the United States and Russia (8) …..the council to become more effective.
 In recent years, there has been growing (9)….. over which countries should have permanent seats on the Council. Some nations believe that other countries besides the original five should be included. For example, Japan and Germany are powerful countries that pay large membership dues and make substantial contributions to the UN, (10)…. they do not have permanent seats. There is no easy solution to this problem."

2. It is responsible for maintaining international peace, and for (2)….

Read the following passage and Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions: 
The biologist’s role in society as well as his moral and ethical responsibility in the discovery and development of new ideas has led to a reassessment of his social and scientific value systems. A scientist can no longer ignore the consequences of his discoveries; he is as concerned with the possible misuses of his findings as he is with the basic research in which he is involved. This emerging social and political role of the biologist and all other scientists requires a weighing of values that cannot be done with the accuracy or the objectivity of a laboratory balance. As a member of society, it is necessary for a biologist now to redefine his social obligations and his functions, particularly in the realm of making judgments about such ethical problems as man's control of his environment or his manipulation of genes to direct further evolutionary development.
As a result of recent discoveries concerning hereditary mechanisms, genetic engineering, by which human traits are made to order, may soon be a reality. As desirable as it may seem to be, such an accomplishment would entail many value judgments. Who would decide, for example, which traits should be selected for change? In cases of genetic deficiencies and disease, the desirability of the change is obvious, but the possibilities for social misuse are so numerous that they may far outweigh the benefits.
Probably the greatest biological problem of the future, as it is of the present, will be to find ways to curb environmental pollution without interfering with man's constant effort to improve the quality of his life.

What is probably the most important biological problem mentioned in the passage?

It is difficult to write rules that tell exactly when we should apologize, but it is not difficult to learn how. If we have done something to hurt someone’s feeling or if we have been impolite or rude, we should apologize. An apology indicates that we realize we have made a mistake, and we are sorry for it. It is a way of expressing our regret for something. When we apologize, we admit our wrongdoing, usually offer a reason for it, and express regret.
The simplest way to apologize is to say “I’m sorry”, but often that is not enough. Let’s take a common situation. Mario is late for class and enters the classroom, interrupting the teacher in the middle of the class. What does he do? The most polite action is usually to take a seat as quietly as possible and apologize later. But if the teacher stops and waits for him to say something, he could apologize simply “I’m sorry I’m late”, ask permission to take his seat, and sit down. Naturally, more than this, a reason for the tardiness, is needed, but this is not the time or the place for it because he has already caused one interruption and doesn’t need to make it any longer or worse than it already is.

The word “rude” in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by ________.

Although people drive in all countries, the rules can be quite different between nations and areas. For this reason, you should always learn the laws before you decide to drive in a foreign country. If you are not careful, you can get into trouble since the rules might be very different from what you are used to. For example, you can find some big differences in laws related to the minimum driving age, the appropriate side of the road to drive on, and mobile phone use while driving.
In the U.S., people who live in Alaska may obtain a learner’s permit (legal permission to drive while being supervised) at the age of fourteen. This is quite different from the driving laws of Niger, where a person must be at least twenty-three years old to drive. If you are inquisitive to know the minimum driving age in most countries, the answer is eighteen. It may also surprise you to learn that not every country allows its citizens to drive, although most of them do. For example, women are not allowed to drive in Saudi Arabia no matter how old they are. Instead, they must have a male family member or hired male driver to travel by car.
Driving on the right or left side of the road also varies. For instance, in Great Britain, Cyprus, Australia, India, and Malaysia people drive on the left. However, in the U.S., Mexico, France, and Canada people are required to drive on the right. As a matter of fact, one country can have different driving rules for different areas. People in Hong Kong drive on the left, while drivers in other parts of China use the right side of the road.
Other driving laws that are different between countries include those related to using mobile phones. In Japan, using any kind of mobile phone device is illegal, even if you do not need to hold the phone with your hands. However, in Argentina and Australia, drivers are allowed to talk on their mobile phones as long as they do not use their hands. 
You might also find it interesting to learn that some countries have very unusual laws. For example, in the country of Cyprus, it is against the law to eat or drink anything while driving. Even more interesting is that in Germany, there is a famous road called the Autobahn, where certain parts have no speed limit at all!

What is the main idea of the passage?

The rules of etiquette in American restaurants depend upon a number of factors the physical location of the restaurant, e.g., rural or urban; the type of restaurant, e.g., informal or formal; and certain standards that are more universal. In other words, some standards 5 of etiquette vary significantly while other standards apply almost anywhere. Learning the proper etiquette in a particular type of restaurant in a particular area may sometimes require instruction, but more commonly it simply requires sensitivity and experience. For example, while it is acceptable to read a magazine in a coffee shop, it is 10 inappropriate to do the same in a more luxurious setting. And, if you are eating in a very rustic setting it may be fine to tuck your napkin into your shirt, but if you are in a sophisticated urban restaurant this behavior would demonstrate a lack of manners. It is safe to say, however, that in virtually every restaurant it is unacceptable 15 to indiscriminately throw your food on the floor. The conclusion we can most likely draw from the above is that while the types and locations of restaurants determine etiquette appropriate to them, some rules apply to all restaurants.

Which of the following words is most similar to the meaning of “rustic”?

Read‌ ‌the‌ ‌following‌ ‌passage‌ ‌and‌ ‌mark‌ ‌the‌ ‌letter‌ ‌A,‌ ‌B,‌ ‌C,‌ ‌or‌ ‌D‌ ‌on‌ ‌your‌ ‌answer‌ ‌sheet‌ ‌to‌ ‌indicate‌ ‌the‌ ‌correct‌ ‌answer‌ ‌to‌ ‌each‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌questions.‌ ‌
Nowadays,‌ ‌most‌ ‌people‌ ‌realize‌ ‌that‌ ‌it’s‌ ‌risky‌ ‌to‌ ‌use‌ ‌credit‌ ‌card‌ ‌numbers‌ ‌online.‌ ‌However,‌ ‌from‌ ‌time‌ ‌to time,‌ ‌we‌ ‌all‌ ‌use‌ ‌passwords‌ ‌and‌ ‌government‌ ‌ID‌ ‌numbers‌ ‌on‌ ‌the‌ ‌Internet.‌ ‌We‌ ‌think‌ ‌we‌ ‌are‌ ‌safe,‌ ‌but‌ ‌that may‌ ‌not‌ ‌be‌ ‌true!‌ ‌A‌ ‌new‌ ‌kind‌ ‌of‌ ‌attack‌ ‌is‌ ‌being‌ ‌used‌ ‌by‌ ‌dishonest‌ ‌people‌ ‌to‌ ‌steal‌ ‌IDs‌ ‌and‌ ‌credit‌ ‌card numbers‌ ‌from‌ ‌innocent‌ ‌web‌ ‌surfers.‌ ‌This‌ ‌new‌ ‌kind‌ ‌of‌ ‌attack‌ ‌is‌ ‌called‌ ‌“phishing.” ‌ ‌
‌Phishing‌ ‌sounds‌ ‌the‌ ‌same‌ ‌as‌ ‌the‌ ‌word‌ ‌“fishing,”‌ ‌and‌ ‌it‌ ‌implies‌ ‌that‌ ‌a‌ ‌thief‌ ‌is‌ ‌trying‌ ‌to‌ ‌‌lure‌ ‌‌people into‌ ‌giving‌ ‌away‌ ‌valuable‌ ‌information.‌ ‌Like‌ ‌real‌ ‌fishermen,‌ ‌phishers‌ ‌use‌ ‌bait‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌form‌ ‌of‌ ‌great‌ ‌online‌ ‌deals‌ ‌or‌ ‌
services.‌ ‌For‌ ‌example,‌ ‌phishers‌ ‌might‌ ‌use‌ ‌fake‌ ‌emails‌ ‌and‌ ‌false‌ ‌websites‌ ‌to‌ ‌con‌ ‌people‌ ‌into‌ ‌revealing‌ ‌credit‌ ‌card‌ ‌numbers,‌ ‌account‌ ‌usernames,‌ ‌and‌ ‌passwords.‌ ‌‌They‌ ‌‌imitate‌ ‌well-known‌ ‌banks,‌ ‌online‌ ‌sellers,‌ ‌and‌ ‌credit‌ ‌card‌ ‌companies.‌ ‌Successful‌ ‌phishers‌ ‌may‌ ‌convince‌ ‌as‌ ‌many‌ ‌as‌ ‌five‌ ‌percent‌ ‌of the‌ ‌people‌ ‌they‌ ‌contact‌ ‌to‌ ‌respond‌ ‌and‌ ‌give‌ ‌away‌ ‌their‌ ‌personal‌ ‌financial‌ ‌information.  ‌ ‌
Is‌ ‌this‌ ‌really‌ ‌a‌ ‌big‌ ‌problem?‌ ‌Actually,‌ ‌tricking‌ ‌five‌ ‌percent‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌online‌ ‌population‌ ‌is‌ ‌huge! Currently,‌ ‌more‌ ‌than‌ ‌350‌ ‌million‌ ‌people‌ ‌have‌ ‌access‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌Internet,‌ ‌and‌ ‌seventy-five‌ ‌percent‌ ‌of‌ ‌those‌ ‌Internet‌ ‌users‌ ‌live‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌wealthiest‌ ‌countries‌ ‌on‌ ‌Earth.‌ ‌It‌ ‌has‌ ‌been‌ ‌estimated‌ ‌that‌ ‌phishers‌ ‌send‌ ‌more‌ ‌than‌ ‌three‌ ‌billion‌ ‌scam‌ ‌messages‌ ‌each‌ ‌year.‌ ‌Even‌ ‌by‌ ‌tricking‌ ‌only‌ ‌five‌ ‌percent‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌people,‌ ‌phishers‌ ‌can‌ ‌make‌ ‌a‌ ‌lot‌ ‌of‌ ‌money.  ‌ ‌
‌Since‌ ‌there‌ ‌is‌ ‌so‌ ‌much‌ ‌money‌ ‌to‌ ‌make‌ ‌through‌ ‌this‌ ‌kind‌ ‌of‌ ‌scam,‌ ‌it‌ ‌has‌ ‌caught‌ ‌the‌ ‌interest‌ ‌of‌ ‌more than‌ ‌just‌ ‌small-time‌ ‌crooks.‌ ‌Recently,‌ ‌police‌ ‌tracked‌ ‌down‌ ‌members‌ ‌of‌ ‌an‌ ‌organized‌ ‌phishing‌ ‌group‌ ‌in‌ ‌Eastern‌ ‌Europe,‌ ‌who‌ ‌had‌ ‌stolen‌ ‌hundreds‌ ‌of‌ ‌thousands‌ ‌of‌ ‌dollars‌ ‌from‌ ‌people‌ ‌online.‌ ‌The‌ ‌group‌ ‌created official-looking‌ ‌email‌ ‌messages‌ ‌requesting‌ ‌people‌ ‌to‌ ‌update‌ ‌their‌ ‌personal‌ ‌information‌ ‌at‌ ‌an‌ ‌international‌ ‌bank’s‌ ‌website.‌ ‌However,‌ ‌the‌ ‌link‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌bank‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌message‌ ‌actually‌ ‌sent‌ ‌people‌ ‌to‌ ‌the phishers’‌ ‌fake‌ ‌website.‌ ‌To‌ ‌make‌ ‌matters‌ ‌worse,‌ ‌further‌ ‌investigation‌ ‌‌revealed‌‌ ‌‌that‌ ‌this‌ ‌group‌ ‌had connections‌ ‌to‌ ‌a‌ ‌major‌ ‌crime‌ ‌gang‌ ‌in‌ ‌Russia.  ‌ ‌
‌How‌ ‌can‌ ‌innocent‌ ‌people‌ ‌protect‌ ‌themselves?‌ ‌Above‌ ‌all,‌ ‌they‌ ‌have‌ ‌to‌ ‌learn‌ ‌to‌ ‌recognize‌ ‌email‌ ‌that‌ ‌has‌ ‌been‌ sent‌ ‌by‌ ‌a‌ ‌phisher.‌ ‌Always‌ ‌be‌ ‌wary‌ ‌of‌ ‌any‌ ‌email‌ ‌with‌ ‌urgent‌ ‌requests‌ ‌for‌ ‌personal‌ ‌financial information.‌ ‌Phishers‌ ‌typically‌ ‌write‌ ‌upsetting‌ ‌or‌ ‌exciting,‌ ‌but‌ ‌fake,‌ ‌statements‌ ‌in‌ ‌their‌ ‌emails‌ ‌so‌ ‌that people‌ ‌will‌ ‌reply‌ ‌right‌ ‌away.‌ ‌
Also,‌ ‌messages‌ ‌from‌ ‌phishers‌ ‌will‌ ‌not‌ ‌address‌ ‌recipients‌ ‌by‌ ‌name‌ ‌because they‌ ‌really‌ ‌don’t‌ ‌know‌ ‌who‌ ‌the‌ ‌recipients‌ ‌are‌ ‌yet.‌ ‌On‌ ‌the‌ ‌other‌ ‌hand,‌ ‌valid‌ ‌messages‌ ‌from‌ ‌your‌ ‌bank‌ ‌or other‌ ‌companies‌ ‌you‌ ‌normally‌ ‌deal‌ ‌with‌ ‌will‌ ‌typically‌ ‌include‌ ‌your‌ ‌personal‌ ‌name. ‌ ‌

The‌ ‌word‌ ‌“‌they‌”‌ ‌in‌ ‌paragraph‌ ‌2‌ ‌refers‌ ‌to‌ ‌___________. ‌ ‌

Beads were probably the first durable ornaments humans possessed, and the intimate relationship they had with their owners is reflected in the fact that beads are among the most common items found in ancient archaeological sites. In the past, as today, men, women, and children adorned themselves with beads. In some cultures still, certain beads are often worn from birth until death, and then are buried with their owners for the afterlife. Abrasion due to daily wear alters the surface features of beads, and if they are buried for long, the effects of corrosion can further change their appearance. Thus, interest is imparted to the bead both by use and the effects of time. 
Besides their wearability, either as jewelry or incorporated into articles of attire, beads possess the desirable characteristics of every collectible, they are durable, portable, available in infinite variety, and often valuable in their original cultural context as well as in today's market. Pleasing to look at and touch, beads come in shapes, colors, and materials that almost compel one to handle them and to sort them. 
Beads are miniature bundles of secrets waiting to be revealed: their history, manufacture, cultural context, economic role, and ornamental use are all points of information one hopes to unravel. Even the most mundane beads may have traveled great distances and been exposed to many human experiences. The bead researcher must gather information from many diverse fields. In addition to having to be a generalist while specializing in what may seem to be a narrow field, the researcher is faced with the problem of primary materials that have little or no documentation. Many ancient beads that are of ethnographic interest have often been separated from their original cultural context. 
The special attractions of beads contribute to the uniqueness of bead research. While often regarded as the "small change of civilizations", beads are a part of every culture, and they can often be used to date archaeological sites and to designate the degree of mercantile, technological, and cultural sophistication.

According to the passage, all of the following are factors that make people want to touch beads EXCEPT the ________.