____ golf is my favourite sport. I play once or twice _________ week if I can, but I’m not _________ very good player. 

There are a variety of causes that can contribute directly or indirectly to the extinction of a species or groups of species. Just as each species is unique, and so is each extinction. The causes (i) _______ each are varied – some subtle and complex, others obvious and simple. Most simply, any species that is unable to (ii) _______ or reproduce in its environment, and unable to move to a new environment where it can do so, will (iii) _______ out and become extinct. Extinction of a species may come suddenly when a healthy species is wiped out completely, as when toxic pollution makes its entire diversity unlivable; or may occur gradually over thousands or millions of years, such as when a species gradually loses out in (iv) _______ lor food to better adapted competitors. The question of whether more extinction in the fossil record has been caused by evolution or by catastrophe is a subject of discussion. When taking about species extinction that has been raised, most experts concern with the (v) _______ of climate change and technological disasters. Currently, environmental groups and some governments are concerned about the extinction of species caused by human beings and are attempting to combat further extinctions through various ways of conservation programs. Humans can cause extinction of a species through overharvesting, pollution, habitat destruction, introduction of new predators and food competitors, overhunting, and other influences.

(ii)_____

How did the robbers manage to ……….without anyone seeing them? 

Long ago, Chinese people didn’t say “How are you” when they met each other or saw their friends. They said, “(i) _____ you eaten your rice today?”. Eating rice (ii) _____ such an important part of daily life in China! Rice is still one of the (iii) _____ important kinds of food in the modem world. Nearly half the people that live on our planet eat it every day and in some countries, an adult eats more than 100 kilos of rice each year. We think that people first (iv) rice in India. In China, people began eating rice about 5,000 years ago. Rice wasn’t eaten in North America until 17th century, but many Americans prefer to cat pasta these days (v) _____ only cat about 2 kilos of rice per year.

(ii)___

Researehers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists (i) _______ optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. (ii) _______ there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can lake, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem (iii) _______ a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence (iv) _______ . Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision. Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper (v) _______ procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember.

(i)_______

_______ the police had rescued from the fire.

The internet is like a huge city, full of many different kinds of places and people. As a real city, there are certain places which are suitable for youngsters and others which need to be avoided. The Internet neither belongs to (i) _____ is controlled by anyone person, organisation or government. It gives all of US the opportunity to create material for others to seC. On the other hand, as in ordinary life, there are those who might use it for illegal (ii) _____. The freedom of the Net offers exciting opportunities for youngsters and, (iii) _____ being aware of the possible dangers and taking steps to avoid them, they can happily explore that online world in safety. Common sense will certainly help children to use the Internet safely.It is preferable, for example, for parents to get to know (iv) _____ their children are meeting online and make sure they never give our personal information about themselves. Although it is an excellent tool for learning, playing and communicating and others, youngsters should not be allowed to become so involved that they forget other activities important to their development. Obviously, surfing as a family activity is the best solution, so that any problems that are fond can be discussed together. Parents need to thinks about safetv issues and aerree on a set of rules. Just as youngsters are given instruction on road (v) _____, they also need to be instructed on how to travel safely along that superhighway.

(ii)______

Today, there are libraries in almost every towns in the world. Even in areas where there are no libraries, there are often mobile libraries which take books from one village to (i) _______  . But in the days when books were copied by hand rather than printed, libraries were very rare. The reason is simple: books took a very long time to produce, and there were far fewer copies of any given work around. The greatest library (ii) _______ all, that in Alexandia had 54,000 books. In the ancient world, this number (iii) _______ considered huge. It was the first time that anyone had collected so many books from all around the world under one roof. There are many theories about why these books were lost. (iv) _______ is that the library accidentally burned down. Another is that one of the rulers of the city ordered the books to be burned. They were taken to various places and it took six months to bum them. (v) _______ happened, the collection there was priceless. Many of the library’s treasures were lost forever, some books were never recovered. We cannot even know exactly what the library contained.

(ii)______

The Penny Black is the name of the world’s postage stamp. It was introduced by the U.K. in 1840 and is perhaps the most famous stamp ever issued. It has a (i) _____  of the young Queen Victoria and because of its colour, and its price of one penny, it is known as the “Penny Black”. Before 1840, postage rates for delivery of letters in the U.K. depended on the (ii) _____  the letter had to travel and the number of sheets of paper used. Furthermore, at that time it was not possible to pay for your letter before you sent it. The postage had to be paid by the receiver (iii) _____ than the sender of the letter. The Penny Black changed everything: al the rate of one penny, letters that did not weigh more than half an ounce could be sent to any destination in the U.K.Nowadays, Penny Black stamps are not all that rare although they are (iv) _____ regarded by stamp collectors. About 68 million of these stamps were issued between 1840 and 1841, and it is thought that about 1.5 million of these survive today. The price of the stamp today varies according to whether it has been used or not and its condition. A line used copy can be bought for around 77 pound or less, while unused examples are quite rare and sold for 2,000 pound or more. To honour the U.K. for having issued the world’s first postage stamp, the Universal Postal Union has made an exception regarding its rule that the name of the country must (v) _____ on a stamp. No British stamp to date has ever had the country name on it.

(v)______

Carefully conducted studies that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to shown any long-term problems, compared with children of working mothers stayed at home. My personal (i) _______  is that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish. Whether we like it or not, there a number of mothers who just have to work. There are those who have invested such a big part of their lives in establishing a career that they cannot expect to see it lost. Then there are many who must work out of pure economic necessity. Many mothers are not (ii) _______ out to be full-time parents. After a few months at home with a much loved infant, they feel trapped and isolated. There are a number of options when it refers to choosing childcare. These range from child minders and nannies through to Granny or the kind lady (iii) _______ the street. In reality, however, many parents don’t have any choice; they have to accept anything they can get. Be prepared! No matter how good the childcare may be, some children are going to protest wildly if they are left. This is a (iv) _______ normal stage of child development.Babies separate well in the first six months, but soon after that, they start to get a crush on Mum and close family members. Make sure that in first week, you allow plenty of time to help your child settle in. All children are different. Some are independent, while others are more attached to their mothers. Remember that if you want to do the best for your children, it’s not the quantity of time you spend with them, it’s the (v) _______ that matters.

(i)_____-

 _________ president of the United States will be visiting Australia next week. 

One of the students said, “_________ professor is late today” 

Smart shoes that adjust their size throughout the day could soon be available. A prototype of such a shoe has already been produced and a commercial (i) _____ may be in production within a few years. The shoe contains sensors that constantly check the amount of (ii) _____ left in it. If the fool has become too large, a tiny valve opens and the shoe expands slightly. The entire control system is about 5mm square and is located inside the shoe. This radical shoe (iii) _____ a need because the volume of the average foot can change by as much as 8% during the course of the day. The system is able to learn about the wearer’s feet and build up a picture of the size of his or her feet throughout the day. It will allow the shoes to change in size by up to 8% so that they always fit (iv) _____. They are obviously more comfortable and less likely to cause blisters. From an athlete’s point of view, they can help improve performance a little, and that is why the first use for the system will find a place in other household items, from beds that automatically change to fit the person sleeping in them, to power tools that (v) _____themselves to the user’s hand for better grip. There is no reason why the system couldn’t be adapted for use in hundreds of consumer possessions.

(v)_____

Tourism is the fastest-growing industry in the world. As well as bringing prosperity to an area, however, it can also destroy the qualities which attracted visitors in the first place. If it is not carefully controlled, tourism can also (i) _____ problems for local people, as is shown by various examples from around the world. When Phuket in Thailand first became a popular tourist (ii) _____, people there were unable to cope with the increase in rubbish that 2 million visitors a year produce and a huge incinerator had to be built in the countryside in water consumption, (iii) _____ many local people to walk considerable distances to get clean water. And Egypt’s desert landscapes are being destroyed by the litter dropped by tourists. Moving sands are difficult to clean, and the white desert to the west of the Nile Valley may be permanently (iv) _____. It’s encouraging, therefore, to read about the efforts of certain tour companies who are organising environmental holidays in some of the worst hit areas. Regular tours now go to places such as the Himalayas and Atlas mountains In North Africa with the aim of combining a bit of sightseeing with the chance to help (v) _____ some of the mess left by previous visitors.

(i)_____

The Penny Black is the name of the world’s postage stamp. It was introduced by the U.K. in 1840 and is perhaps the most famous stamp ever issued. It has a (i) _____ of the young Queen Victoria and because of its colour, and its price of one penny, it is known as the “Penny Black”. Before 1840, postage rates for delivery of letters in the U.K. depended on the (ii) _____ the letter had to travel and the number of sheets of paper used. Furthermore, at that time it was not possible to pay for your letter before you sent it. The postage had to be paid by the receiver (iii) _____ than the sender of the letter. The Penny Black changed everything: al the rate of one penny, letters that did not weigh more than half an ounce could be sent to any destination in the U.K. Nowadays, Penny Black stamps are not all that rare although they are (iv) _____ regarded by stamp collectors. About 68 million of these stamps were issued between 1840 and 1841,and it is thought that about 1.5 million of these survive today. The price of the stamp today varies according to whether it has been used or not and its condition. A line used copy can be bought for around 77 pound or less, while unused examples are quite rare and sold for 2,000 pound or more. To honour the U.K. for having issued the world’s first postage stamp, the Universal Postal Union has made an exception regarding its rule that the name of the country must (v) _____ on a stamp. No British stamp to date has ever had the country name on it.

(ii)______

Today we are accustomed to seeing news as it presents, whether it is a fire in a nearby community, a speech by a president or an actual (i) _____ between two armies ten thousand miles away. It is important for students to grasp that. This experience has been possible only within the (ii)     _____  fifty years. Until well into the twentieth century it took days or weeks before newspapers could report on invasions or great natural disasters. We live, therefore, in a remarkable period when we not only (iii) _____ instant news on the radio but can watch dramatic events just as they are taking place thousands of miles away. Television news can be (iv) _____  as part of the entertainment provided by the broadcasting industry. We don’t only sec newsreaders providing detailed accounts of events but we have a great (v) _____ live footage. News items are generally short, rarely more than three minutes, and features are included that are attractive to local audiences, even though they are unimportant in terms of world, or national news.

(iii)________

Choose A, B,C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions: 

Lan was in a difficult situation, so I agreed lending her some money

Choose a, b, c or d that best completes each unfinished sentence:

_____ stamps from discarded envelopes is my hobby.

Today large sums of money go into the search for treatments for a whole range of diseases. Three hundred years ago, when European explorers returned from distant lands with unfamiliar substances they’d found there, the problem was how to (i) _____ the illnesses for which these new imports could possibly be a cure. When the brown chocolate bean was first (ii) _____  into Britain from Mexico, it was thought to have medicinal qualities. Sir Hans Sloane was the man who is said to have (iii) _____  with the idea of mixing the powdered bean with milk. Sloane was an important figure in eighteenth-century London, a landowner whose name lives on in some of the city’s most fashionable streets and squares. Less appreciated is his contribution to the beginning of a national addiction; the (iv) _____ Briton gets through eight kilograms of chocolate a year, a level of consumption exceeded only by the Swiss. Today, when almost every pleasure is regarded as addictive, the name ‘chocoholics” is given to people who can’t get enough of the stuff. (v) _____ of its fat and sugar content, chocolate is usually an enemy of slender elegance.

(i)_______

Today large sums of money go into the search for treatments for a whole range of diseases. Three hundred years ago, when European explorers returned from distant lands with unfamiliar substances they’d found there, the problem was how to (i) _____ the illnesses for which these new imports could possibly be a cure. When the brown chocolate bean was first (ii) _____  into Britain from Mexico, it was thought to have medicinal qualities. Sir Hans Sloane was the man who is said to have (iii) _____  with the idea of mixing the powdered bean with milk. Sloane was an important figure in eighteenth-century London, a landowner whose name lives on in some of the city’s most fashionable streets and squares. Less appreciated is his contribution to the beginning of a national addiction; the (iv) _____ Briton gets through eight kilograms of chocolate a year, a level of consumption exceeded only by the Swiss. Today, when almost every pleasure is regarded as addictive, the name ‘chocoholics” is given to people who can’t get enough of the stuff. (v) _____ of its fat and sugar content, chocolate is usually an enemy of slender elegance.

(ii)_______

My sister’s hobby is ________ outdoor activities.