Phản ứng tổng hợp ammonia từ nitrogen và hydrogen là một phản ứng thuận nghịch, được biểu diễn bằng mũi tên hai chiều N_(g) + 3H_2(g) ⇌ 2NH_3(g). Chiều thuận của phản ứng là chiều từ trái sang phải (chiều tổng hợp ammonia), chiều nghịch của phản ứng là chiều từ phải sang trái (chiều phân hủy ammonia). Phản ứng tổng hợp trên không bao giờ xảy ra hoàn toàn vì trong cùng một điều kiện, cả chiều thuận và chiều nghịch của phản ứng đều xảy ra. Đến một thời điểm khi tốc độ của phản ứng thuận bằng tốc độ của phản ứng nghịch thì phản ứng đạt tới trạng thái cân bằng.

Phản ứng tổng hợp ammonia khó có thể đạt hiệu quả với tại tốc độ trung bình, từ đó cần bổ sung thêm chất xúc tác. Trong khoảng hơn 2 500 hệ xúc tác kim loại, oxide kim loại được thử nghiệm, các nhà khoa học nhận thấy bột sắt mịn thể hiện vai trò là chất xúc tác tốt nhất mà không làm thay đổi nồng độ của các chất tại trạng thái cân bằng. Nhờ làm tăng tốc độ của cả phản ứng thuận và phản ứng nghich, chất xúc tác đã đẩy nhanh tốc độ đạt đến trạng thái cân bằng của phản ứng.

Do vai trò quan trọng của phản ứng tổng hợp ammonia với đời sống và sản xuất, các nhà khoa học còn tiến hành nghiên cứu sự ảnh hưởng của nhiệt độ và áp suất lên hiệu suất tổng hợp ammonia được thể hiện qua biểu đồ sau:

Nhận định nào dưới đây là đúng?

Quỹ Tiền tệ Quốc tế được thành lập với mục đích chủ yếu nào?

Biết phản ứng đốt cháy khí carbon monoxide (CO) như sau:

CO (g) + O2 (g) ⟶ CO2 (g)                     \({\Delta _r}H_{298}^0 = - 283,0kJ\)      

Ở điều kiện chuẩn, nếu đốt cháy hoàn toàn 2,479 L khí CO thì nhiệt lượng toả ra là bao nhiêu?

Cho hàm số \(y=f(x)\) xác định trên \(\mathbb{R}\backslash \text{ }\!\!\{\!\!\text{ }0\}\) và có bảng biến thiên như hình sau:

Phương trình \(f({{x}^{2}})=1\) có bao nhiêu nghiệm?

Em hãy cho biết, bảo quản lạnh cà chua ở nhiệt độ bao nhiêu?

Gồm 1 - 2 xí nghiệp riêng lẻ, phân bố gần vùng nguyên nhiên liệu và đồng nhất với một điểm dân cư là đặc điểm nổi bật của tổ chức lãnh thổ nào?

Read the following passage about the Pathways from Today's Actions to Tomorrow's World and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

As we stand at the crossroads of environmental decision-making, the actions we take today will shape our world in 2050. Scientists warn that we're skating on thin ice with current consumption patterns and carbon emissions. Global temperatures could rise by 2-4 degrees Celsius unless significant changes occur within the next decade. Many countries have pledged to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, but these promises require immediate implementation. Individual choices in transportation, energy usage, and consumption can collectively influence whether future generations inherit a sustainable planet or face severe climate consequences.

[I] Technological innovation represents our greatest hope for addressing environmental challenges by 2050. [II] Renewable energy sources like solar and wind are becoming increasingly affordable, potentially replacing fossil fuels entirely within thirty years. [III] Electric vehicles may dominate transportation networks, while vertical farming could transform food production in urban areas. [IV] However, these technological solutions must be developed and deployed equitably to avoid creating new disparities between wealthy and developing nations.

Social structures will undergo dramatic transformation by 2050 as demographic shifts reshape communities worldwide. Aging populations in developed countries will necessitate new approaches to healthcare, retirement, and social support systems. Meanwhile, climate migration may force millions to relocate from vulnerable coastal and drought-prone regions. Education systems must evolve to prepare our students for jobs that don't yet exist, emphasizing their adaptability and lifelong learning. Cities will need to become more resilient, incorporating green spaces and sustainable infrastructure to support growing populations.

Economic models must fundamentally change by 2050 to balance prosperity with environmental responsibility. The traditional focus on continuous growth may shift toward measuring success through wellbeing indicators rather than GDP alone. Circular economy principles will likely replace linear production models, with products designed for reuse and recycling. Resource-sharing platforms may become more prevalent, reducing individual consumption while maintaining living standards. Companies implementing genuinely sustainable practices will thrive, while those clinging to environmentally harmful methods may disappear entirely. The transition presents both challenges and opportunities for businesses willing to embrace innovation and sustainability.

Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?

Các thành tố của hệ thống chính trị ở Việt Nam bao gồm:

Trong những ý sau, đâu không phải là đặc điểm của chăn nuôi công nghiệp?

Vì sao được gọi là cách mạng tư sản?

Parabol \((P):y = {x^2} - 3x + 5\) có tổng số điểm chung với 2 trục là?

Để tạo một tin trên mạng xã hội facebook, sau khi đã nháy chuột vào biểu tượng Menu , trong mục Tạo, chọn gì?

Đồ thị diễn lực tương tác Culông giữa hai điện tích quan hệ với bình phương khoảng cách giữa hai điện tích là đường:

Khi một vệ tinh nhân tạo chuyển động đều trên quỹ đạo tròn quanh Trái Đất thì

Theo quy luật biến đổi tính chất các đơn chất trong bảng tuần hoàn thì

Read the following passage about endangered languages and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questionsfrom 31 to 40.

[I] Social media has become a dominant force in modern communication, offering a range of benefits and challenges. [II] It has revolutionized the way people interact, share information, and even form relationships. [III] While these platforms offer opportunities for connection and expression, they also have their drawbacks. [IV] For instance, excessive use of social media has been linked to a range of negative effects, including mental health issues, social isolation, and decreased productivity. [V] However, when used responsibly, social media can also offer a variety of positive outcomes, such as the ability to stay connected with loved ones, network professionally, and access valuable information and resources.

One of the major benefits of social media is its ability to keep people connected. For example, individuals who live far apart can maintain close relationships through regular communication on these platforms. Social media also facilitates professional networking, allowing users to connect with potential employers or clients, and enabling companies to promote their products and services to a global audience. Additionally, platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram provide a space for people to share ideas, opinions, and creative work, fostering a sense of community and collaboration.

Despite these advantages, there are serious concerns about the negative impact of social media, particularly on mental health. Studies have shown that excessive social media use can contribute to feelings of anxiety, depression, and loneliness. This is often attributed to the unrealistic portrayals of life that are commonly shared on these platforms, leading to comparisons that can make individuals feel inadequate or left out. Furthermore, constant exposure to negative news or online bullying can exacerbate these feelings and contribute to long-term psychological stress.

Another issue with social media is its potential to distract people from their daily responsibilities. With notifications constantly popping up and endless streams of content to scroll through, individuals may find it difficult to focus on tasks such as work, school, or personal obligations. This can result in decreased productivity and a lack of attention to important matters.

Ultimately, the impact of social media depends on how it is used. If individuals are mindful of their usage patterns and take steps to limit their time on these platforms, they can enjoy the benefits of staying connected and informed without the negative consequences. Parents, educators, and mental health professionals can also play a role in helping young people develop healthy habits and manage their social media use effectively.

Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit?

"Social media has transformed how individuals communicate and engage with each other."

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17.

a.Mai: You’re right. But I’m sure I can. We need more women surgeons, and we can be as good as men.

b.Mum: Besides medical knowledge, a surgeon must have physical and mental strength. Most surgeons are also men.

c.Mum: I’m afraid I disagree. It’s not easy to be a surgeon. 

d.Mum: Mai, Dad and I would like you to be a shop assistant.

e.Mai: I’m sorry, but that’s not possible. I want to go to medical school and become a surgeon.

Read the following passage about lifelong learning and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

[I] Lifelong learning is the ongoing, voluntary, and self-motivated pursuit of knowledge for personal or professional development (Knowles, 2020). [II] This concept emphasizes that learning does not stop after formal education, but rather continues throughout an individual's life, adapting to changing circumstances and needs. [III] In today’s fast-paced world, where technology and job markets evolve rapidly, lifelong learning has become increasingly essential. [IV]

One of the primary benefits of lifelong learning is its ability to enhance employability. Individuals who engage in continuous education are more likely to keep their skills relevant and competitive in the job market. According to a report by the World Economic Forum (2021), over 50% of employees will need reskilling due to technological advancements in the coming years. Lifelong learners are better equipped to adapt to these changes, making them more attractive candidates for employers.

Moreover, lifelong learning contributes to personal fulfillment and mental well-being. Engaging in new learning experiences can stimulate the brain, foster creativity, and improve cognitive function. Research indicates that individuals who pursue learning opportunities throughout their lives tend to report higher levels of happiness and life satisfaction (Smith & Johnson, 2019). Whether it is taking a course, learning a new language, or picking up a new hobby, the process of acquiring knowledge can be enriching and enjoyable.

In addition, lifelong learning promotes social engagement and community involvement. Participating in educational programs or community workshops can foster connections with others who share similar interests. This social aspect of learning can enhance one's sense of belonging and support networks, which are crucial for mental health (Jones, 2022).

Overall, lifelong learning is not just an individual responsibility; it requires support from educational institutions, employers, and communities to create an environment conducive to continuous education. By fostering a culture of learning, society can better prepare individuals for the challenges of the future and ensure that everyone has the opportunity to thrive.

The word "enriching" in paragraph 3 is CLOSEST in meaning to ____.

Read the following passage about news and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

[I] Wildlife conservation refers to the efforts made to protect and preserve wild animal species and their habitats. [II] It is crucial for maintaining biodiversity, which plays a vital role in ecosystem stability and health (Smith & Jones, 2018). [III] Unfortunately, many species are threatened due to habitat destruction, poaching, and climate change, making conservation efforts more urgent than ever. [IV]

One of the primary reasons for wildlife conservation is the preservation of biodiversity. A diverse range of species contributes to ecosystem services, such as pollination, water purification, and climate regulation. The loss of a single species can disrupt these services and lead to ecological imbalances. For instance, the decline of pollinators like bees has serious implications for food production and agriculture (Global Biodiversity Outlook, 2020).

Moreover, wildlife conservation has significant economic benefits. Many communities depend on ecotourism, which relies on healthy wildlife populations and intact ecosystems. According to a study by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), ecotourism can generate billions of dollars in revenue, providing jobs and supporting local economies (WWF, 2021). Protecting wildlife not only safeguards natural resources but also creates sustainable livelihoods for local populations.

However, effective wildlife conservation requires a collaborative approach. Governments, non-governmental organizations, and local communities must work together to implement policies and strategies that promote conservation efforts. Community-based conservation initiatives, where local people actively participate in protecting their natural resources, have shown promising results. These initiatives empower communities and ensure that conservation efforts are tailored to local needs and contexts (Bennett & Dearden, 2014).

Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?

Có mấy ứng dụng công nghệ cao trong bảo quản sản phẩm trồng trọt?

Trong mặt phẳng toạ độ, cho đường thẳng \(d\): \(\left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{l}}{x = - 1 - 2t}\\{y = 4 + 3t{\rm{. }}}\end{array}} \right.\) Vectơ chỉ phương của đường thẳng \(d\) là?