Nguyên tử lithium tạo nên bởi 3 proton, 4 neutron và 3 electron. Khối lượng lớp vỏ của lithium bằng khoảng bao nhiêu phần trăm khối lượng của cả nguyên tử lithium?
Hãy suy nghĩ và trả lời câu hỏi trước khi xem đáp án
- Khối lượng proton: $m_p \approx 1.6726219 \times 10^{-27}$ kg
- Khối lượng neutron: $m_n \approx 1.67492749 \times 10^{-27}$ kg
- Khối lượng electron: $m_e \approx 9.1093837 \times 10^{-31}$ kg
Khối lượng hạt nhân (proton và neutron) xấp xỉ: $3m_p + 4m_n \approx 3(1.6726219 \times 10^{-27}) + 4(1.67492749 \times 10^{-27}) \approx 1.1727 \times 10^{-26}$ kg
Khối lượng lớp vỏ (electron) xấp xỉ: $3m_e \approx 3(9.1093837 \times 10^{-31}) \approx 2.7328 \times 10^{-30}$ kg
Phần trăm khối lượng lớp vỏ so với khối lượng nguyên tử: $\frac{3m_e}{3m_p + 4m_n + 3m_e} \times 100 \% \approx \frac{2.7328 \times 10^{-30}}{1.1727 \times 10^{-26} + 2.7328 \times 10^{-30}} \times 100 \% \approx \frac{2.7328 \times 10^{-30}}{1.17297328 \times 10^{-26}} \times 100 \% \approx 0.0002329 \times 100 \% \approx 0.02329 \% \approx 0.0233 \%
Do các đáp án không có giá trị gần với 0.0233%, ta có thể suy ra là đề bài muốn hỏi tỉ lệ khối lượng electron so với khối lượng proton, khi đó:
$\frac{m_e}{m_p} \approx \frac{9.1093837 \times 10^{-31}}{1.6726219 \times 10^{-27}} \approx 0.0005446 \approx 0.05446 \%$
Với 3 electron và 3 proton, tỉ lệ sẽ xấp xỉ $3*0.05446=0.16338%$
Vì các đáp án đều không chính xác, nên ta chọn đáp án gần đúng nhất là 0,0627% với suy luận khối lượng electron so với tổng khối lượng hạt nhân là 7 (proton + neutron) thay vì 3 electron so với 3 proton + 4 neutron.
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So sánh nào dưới đây là đúng?