Read the following passage and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

Newspapers have long been a key source of information, but in recent years, they have been facing significant changes. The rise of digital technology and the internet (18) __________. While newspapers were once the primary medium for news, today many readers prefer to get their updates through online sources, including websites, social media, and mobile apps.

One of the main reasons for this shift is the convenience and speed of online news. With just a few clicks, readers can access real-time updates on current events. (19) __________. As a result, traditional print newspapers have seen a decline in circulation and advertising revenue.

Despite these challenges, newspapers still hold an important place in the media landscape. Many people continue to value newspapers for their in-depth coverage and investigative reporting. Unlike online news, (20) __________, newspapers provide more detailed analysis and thoughtful commentary. They also follow strict journalistic standards, ensuring that information is accurate and trustworthy.

Some newspapers are adapting to the digital world by offering online versions. They have websites or apps where people can read news and articles. Many newspapers now offer digital subscriptions, (21) __________.

In conclusion, (22) __________, they remain a valuable source of information. By evolving with technology and continuing to provide high-quality journalism, newspapers continue to play a crucial role in informing the public.

Read the following passage about Asia’s culture and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions

Vocational education plays a critical role in modern education systems around the world. Unlike traditional academic routes, it focuses on providing students with practical skills and specialized knowledge that are directly applicable in various industries. For many students, vocational education serves as a gateway to careers in high-demand fields such as healthcare, construction, information technology, and hospitality. This form of education offers students a more hands-on approach compared to traditional academic programs.

One of the key benefits of vocational education is its ability to combat unemployment. By equipping students with marketable skills, they are more likely to find stable employment. Moreover, vocational education plays a crucial role in addressing the skills gap in industries that require specialized technical expertise. For example, sectors like healthcare and technology have witnessed rapid growth in demand for skilled professionals, and vocational programs are essential in producing a workforce capable of meeting this need.

Despite its numerous advantages, vocational education often faces criticism for being perceived as less prestigious than a university degree. Some people argue that academic degrees offer broader career opportunities and greater versatility. However, this perception is gradually changing as more people recognize the value of vocational training. In fact, vocational education not only provides a clear path to employment but also offers long-term career prospects, including the potential for career advancement and higher salaries.

With the constant evolution of technology, vocational education programs are continuously adapting to prepare students for emerging industries and trends. By incorporating the latest technologies and innovations into their curricula, vocational programs ensure that their graduates remain competitive in an ever-changing job market, making vocational education a valuable and future-proof investment for both students and employers alike.

Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C and D on your answer sheer to indicate the option that best fit each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6

LOOKING FOR ENGLISH SPEAKING NANNIES (PARIS)

Looking for a flexible and fun job (1) ______ you can speak English to children? Look no further!

Be My Nounou changes the game by promoting an innovative, fun and (2) ______ approach to

babysitting that benefits everyone; parents, children and nannies.

Your role as an English-speaking babysitter:

We are looking for creative and (3) ______ babysitters, with a strong sense of responsibility, ready to form lasting memories with children as well as to playfully teach them English in a fun and natural way.

Usual daily responsibilities include: school pick-up, preparing meals and snacks, (4) ______ the child's safety, playing and being imaginative when (5) ______ activities together.

Your Profile:

• Fluent in English, no need to speak French.

• Experience (6) ______ childcare, formal or informal (overall, a competent understanding of children's needs).

• Fun!

Key Skills: Creativity, curiosity, autonomy, patience, positive thinking, English-speaking.

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that bestfits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Tips for Better Time Management

Want to get more done in less time? Follow these strategies for improving your productivity and focus!

Common Struggles:

Many people ___(7)___ effective time management, leading to stress and unfinished tasks. Research shows that nearly 70% of workers feel overwhelmed by their workload.

Actionable Solutions!

● Prioritize your tasks! Start by making a to-do list and ___(8)___ the most important tasks first.

● Break down big projects! Tackling a large project can be daunting, but breaking it into smaller, manageable parts helps ___(9)___ progress without feeling overwhelmed.

● Avoid distractions! ___(10)___ multitasking, focus on one task at a time to ___(11)___ your efficiency.

● Take breaks! Give yourself regular breaks to rest and recharge, which can help maintain a higher ___(12)___ of productivity.

Read the following passage about Huawei company and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

Huawei is a multinational company that makes  telecommunications  parts for  mobile phones , network equipment  and other high-tech  devices . It is the second largest such company in the world. Huawei has its headquarters  in Shenzhen, which became China’s first special economic zone  in 1979.

The Chinese technology company, which was founded  about 20 years ago, has over 100,000 workers in all parts of the world, more than Microsoft.  Most of the company is owned by its  employees .  Huawei started out in the rural  areas in China. In those days most of the telecom contracts  went to  state-owned  Chinese or  foreign  firms. As the company grew, it took hold of urban markets in big Chinese cities and in 1997 it  expanded to other countries.

Today, Huawei is the second biggest manufacturer of telecom equipment, after Ericsson. In 2011,  annual  sales  is expected to be about $12 billion dollars and  likely to get three times as high within the next ten years. Working for Huawei is something many young Chinese engineers and IT workers dream of. The 1.5 square km site  has modern apartments that can be rented, its own hospital, restaurants and bars where employees  can go to in their free time. For Chinese standards workers are well-paid. Although   Huawei has been concentrating  on making telecom parts and whole networks, the company is also looking into other industries in an  attempt to diversify and grow. At Shenzhen  engineers  are experimenting on new forms of video conferencing, a branch  that is expanding rapidly . The Chinese hi-tech giant  is also starting to produce cloud-based  hardware and computers that work  out of the box . 

Even though Huawei is one of the world leaders in producing mobile phone parts it is also pushing into the consumer market with its own  brand  of computers, tablets and smartphones. So far Huawei has failed  to reach  the American market because of security  reasons. The American  government  thinks it has connections  with the Chinese  military and is afraid it will spy  on the American  public 

According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE about Huawei’s employees?  

Read the following passage about managing change and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. 

Managing change means managing people's fear. Change is natural and good, but people's reaction to change is unpredictable and can be irrational. It can be managed if done right.

Nothing is as upsetting to your people as change. Nothing has greater potential to cause failures, loss of production, or falling quality of work. Yet nothing is as important to the survival of your organization as change. History is full of examples of organizations that failed to change and are now extinct. The secret to successfully managing change, from the perspective of the employees, is definition and understanding.

Resistance to change comes from a fear of the unknown or an expectation of loss. The front end of an individual's resistance to change is how they perceive the change. The back end is how well they are equipped to deal with the change they expect.

An individual's degree of resistance to change is determined by whether they perceive the change as good or bad, and how severe they expect the impact of the change to be on them. Their ultimate acceptance of the change is a function of how much resistance the person has and the quality of their coping skills and their support system.

If you move an employee's desk six inches, they may not notice or care. Yet if the reason you moved it those six inches was to fit in another worker in an adjacent desk, there may be high resistance to the change. It depends on whether the original employee feels the hiring of an additional employee is a threat to his job or perceives the hiring as bringing in some needed assistance.

A promotion is usually considered a good change. However, an employee who doubts their ability to handle the new job may strongly resist the promotion. They will give you all kinds of reasons for not wanting the promotion, just not the real one.

You might expect a higher-level employee to be less concerned about being laid off because they have savings and investments to support them during a job search. However, the individual may feel they are overextended and that a job search will be long and complicated. Conversely, your concern for a low-income employee being laid off may be unfounded if they have stashed a nest egg in anticipation of the cut.

Your best salesperson may balk at taking on new, high-potential account because they have an irrational feeling that they don't dress well enough.

If you try and bulldoze this resistance, you will fail. [A] The employee whose desk you had to move will develop production problems. [B] The top worker who keeps declining the promotion may quit rather than have to continue making up excuses for turning you down. [C] And the top salesperson's sales may drop to the point that you stop considering them for the new account. [D]

What are the two things that employees should bear in mind when managing change?

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C and D on your answer sheer to indicate the option that best fit each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6

LOOKING FOR ENGLISH SPEAKING NANNIES (PARIS)

Looking for a flexible and fun job (1) ______ you can speak English to children? Look no further!

Be My Nounou changes the game by promoting an innovative, fun and (2) ______ approach to

babysitting that benefits everyone; parents, children and nannies.

Your role as an English-speaking babysitter:

We are looking for creative and (3) ______ babysitters, with a strong sense of responsibility, ready to form lasting memories with children as well as to playfully teach them English in a fun and natural way.

Usual daily responsibilities include: school pick-up, preparing meals and snacks, (4) ______ the child's safety, playing and being imaginative when (5) ______ activities together.

Your Profile:

• Fluent in English, no need to speak French.

• Experience (6) ______ childcare, formal or informal (overall, a competent understanding of children's needs).

• Fun!

Key Skills: Creativity, curiosity, autonomy, patience, positive thinking, English-speaking.

Read the following passage about endangered languages and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

UNEMPLOYMENT IN VIETNAM

    Unemployment is a growing concern in Vietnam, particularly among young graduates. The rapid expansion of the labor market has not kept pace with the increasing number of students completing higher education. According to recent statistics, the youth unemployment rate is nearly 20%, which poses challenges for the economy and society. Many young people struggle to find jobs that match their skills and qualifications.

    Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the situation, leading to layoffs and reduced hiring across various sectors. Industries such as tourism and hospitality have been hit hard, with many businesses closing or operating at limited capacity. This has resulted in a significant loss of jobs, especially for those in the informal sector.

    To combat unemployment, the Vietnamese government is implementing various initiatives. These include vocational training programs aimed at equipping young people with practical skills that are in demand in the labor market. Furthermore, the government is encouraging entrepreneurship by providing financial support and resources for start-ups.

    Technology is vital in tackling unemployment issues. Online job portals and social media platforms have become valuable tools for job seekers, allowing them to connect with potential employers more easily. Additionally, remote work opportunities have expanded, enabling individuals to access jobs beyond their local area.

    Despite the challenges, there is hope for the future. As the economy recovers and diversifies, new job opportunities are expected to arise. Continuous investment in education and skill development will be key to reducing unemployment rates in the long term. 

The word "valuable" in paragraph 4 could be best replaced by

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

WELCOME AND ORIENTATION AT LANGLEY COLLEGE

Welcome to Langley College! Classes start next Monday, but you ___(1)___ visit the college from now.

We have a modern sports centre ___(2)___ for £79/year or £6.70/visit. Our café ___(3)___ from 8 AM to 9 PM on weekdays, ___(4)___ convenient for you to relax before or after classes.

Meet your teachers from 8 AM to 12 AM tomorrow ___(5)___ course information.

Remember to bring a photo for your student ID card on Monday. ID cards will be ready for ___(6)___ next Friday.

Contact Mrs. Myatt, the receptionist, at 990-365-4127.

Enjoy your time at Langley College!

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6. 

133 TUITION

Do you love children? We need some tutors ___(1)___ students aged 6 and 9 at 133 Duong Ba Trac, Ward 1, District 8 this summer.

● You will work with children full of ___(2)___.

● Good appearance is needed. Don't worry ___(3)___ you have tutored before.

● ___(4)___.

How ___(5)___? Our tutors must provide ___(6)___ IDs and criminal records, and they must pass our rigorous application process. If you want to know more about our process, please visit us at www.hcmc......vn.

Read the following promotion announcement and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct option that bestfits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12

ANNOUNCEMENT: PROMOTION OF JOHN PATTINSON TO MANAGER

To all staff members,

We are pleased (7) _________ John Pattinson’s promotion from the post of Junior Manager to Manager who came to us from GNDU, Amritsar and(28)_________ part of our organisation for the past 7 years. Over these 7 years, he has held many (9)________ and worked honestly with complete dedication.

With his good experience with us, we are sure he will show up a splendid (10)________. In a manager position, John will head many departments and responsible (11)______ conducting different HR roles.

The company has thought to (12)___________him through  a success party and wish him a great future for his success. So, do join us for this party.

Sincerely,

Your Name

Read the following passage about managing change and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. 

Managing change means managing people's fear. Change is natural and good, but people's reaction to change is unpredictable and can be irrational. It can be managed if done right.

Nothing is as upsetting to your people as change. Nothing has greater potential to cause failures, loss of production, or falling quality of work. Yet nothing is as important to the survival of your organization as change. History is full of examples of organizations that failed to change and are now extinct. The secret to successfully managing change, from the perspective of the employees, is definition and understanding.

Resistance to change comes from a fear of the unknown or an expectation of loss. The front end of an individual's resistance to change is how they perceive the change. The back end is how well they are equipped to deal with the change they expect.

An individual's degree of resistance to change is determined by whether they perceive the change as good or bad, and how severe they expect the impact of the change to be on them. Their ultimate acceptance of the change is a function of how much resistance the person has and the quality of their coping skills and their support system.

If you move an employee's desk six inches, they may not notice or care. Yet if the reason you moved it those six inches was to fit in another worker in an adjacent desk, there may be high resistance to the change. It depends on whether the original employee feels the hiring of an additional employee is a threat to his job or perceives the hiring as bringing in some needed assistance.

A promotion is usually considered a good change. However, an employee who doubts their ability to handle the new job may strongly resist the promotion. They will give you all kinds of reasons for not wanting the promotion, just not the real one.

You might expect a higher-level employee to be less concerned about being laid off because they have savings and investments to support them during a job search. However, the individual may feel they are overextended and that a job search will be long and complicated. Conversely, your concern for a low-income employee being laid off may be unfounded if they have stashed a nest egg in anticipation of the cut.

Your best salesperson may balk at taking on new, high-potential account because they have an irrational feeling that they don't dress well enough.

If you try and bulldoze this resistance, you will fail. [A] The employee whose desk you had to move will develop production problems. [B] The top worker who keeps declining the promotion may quit rather than have to continue making up excuses for turning you down. [C] And the top salesperson's sales may drop to the point that you stop considering them for the new account. [D]

Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?

Read the following passage about the benefits and challenges of remote work and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

[I] The rise of remote work has transformed the modern workplace, offering flexibility and a better work-life balance for employees around the world (Bloom et al., 2015). [II] This trend, accelerated by technological advancements and the COVID-19 pandemic, allows employees to work from home or any location with internet access (Gajendran & Harrison, 2007). [III] While remote work provides numerous benefits, it also presents challenges that organizations and employees must address to remain productive and engaged. [IV]

One of the main benefits of remote work is increased flexibility. Employees can manage their time more effectively, which often leads to higher job satisfaction and reduced stress. Furthermore, remote work eliminates the need for daily commutes, saving time and reducing transportation expenses. Many employees report feeling more empowered to control their schedules, allowing them to better balance personal and professional responsibilities.

However, remote work also comes with significant challenges. Isolation is a common issue, as employees miss out on face-to-face interactions and team bonding, which are important for mental well-being and collaboration. Studies have shown that prolonged isolation can lead to feelings of loneliness, reducing job satisfaction and affecting mental health (Ozcelik & Barsade, 2018). Additionally, remote workers may struggle to maintain boundaries between work and personal life, leading to overwork and burnout.

To make remote work successful, companies need to implement strategies that support employee well-being and productivity. Providing tools for virtual collaboration, setting clear work-life boundaries, and encouraging regular team check-ins can help mitigate the challenges of remote work. By balancing flexibility with structured support, organizations can create a sustainable remote work environment that benefits both employers and employees (Larson & DeChurch, 2020).

The phrase "work-life balance" in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by ____.

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Exciting Job Opportunities – Apply Now!

Are you looking for a unique career? We are hiring for three extraordinary positions!

1. Pet Food Taster

Have a keen sense of taste? As a pet food taster, you will sample pet food to ensure quality and flavor. This job gives a sense of adventure and curiosity. Competitive (7) ______ offered!

2. Golf Ball Diver

Love swimming? This job requires you to dive into golf course lakes to retrieve lost balls. (8)_______ the challenges, it’s a rewarding role for strong swimmers.

3. Professional Wedding Guest

Enjoy social events? Attend weddings and blend in as a guest to enhance the atmosphere. Unlike (9) ______ jobs, this one is perfect for outgoing individuals. We offer flexible schedules, including the night (10) ______ for certain roles. The (11) ______ of available positions is limited, so apply today!

If you want to (12) ______ more information, please visit our website at http//jobworld.com.vn

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C and D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fit each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12

ASSISTANT MANAGER AT CAFÉ NEEDED

We are a busy café (7) ______in the West Village. This role is to help lead a great team at a popular spot in a lively neighborhood. Looking (8) ______someone with experience managing a coffee shop or cafe to help the owner keep the cafe running smoothly at a high standard and to maintain a (9) ______for our staff.

This is for someone ideally with coffee shop and Hospitality experience. The right (10) ______would be someone with out-of-the-box thinking who can help bring about improvements where needed and motivate and inspire (11) ______through great leadership.

These are the main responsibilities of the team you will lead. (12) ______, you would have to have good knowledge and skill with all.

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C and D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fit each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12

ASSISTANT MANAGER AT CAFÉ NEEDED

We are a busy café (7) ______in the West Village. This role is to help lead a great team at a popular spot in a lively neighborhood. Looking (8) ______someone with experience managing a coffee shop or cafe to help the owner keep the cafe running smoothly at a high standard and to maintain a (9) ______for our staff.

This is for someone ideally with coffee shop and Hospitality experience. The right (10) ______would be someone with out-of-the-box thinking who can help bring about improvements where needed and motivate and inspire (11) ______through great leadership.

These are the main responsibilities of the team you will lead. (12) ______, you would have to have good knowledge and skill with all.

Read the following passage about Asia’s culture and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions

Vocational education plays a critical role in modern education systems around the world. Unlike traditional academic routes, it focuses on providing students with practical skills and specialized knowledge that are directly applicable in various industries. For many students, vocational education serves as a gateway to careers in high-demand fields such as healthcare, construction, information technology, and hospitality. This form of education offers students a more hands-on approach compared to traditional academic programs.

One of the key benefits of vocational education is its ability to combat unemployment. By equipping students with marketable skills, they are more likely to find stable employment. Moreover, vocational education plays a crucial role in addressing the skills gap in industries that require specialized technical expertise. For example, sectors like healthcare and technology have witnessed rapid growth in demand for skilled professionals, and vocational programs are essential in producing a workforce capable of meeting this need.

Despite its numerous advantages, vocational education often faces criticism for being perceived as less prestigious than a university degree. Some people argue that academic degrees offer broader career opportunities and greater versatility. However, this perception is gradually changing as more people recognize the value of vocational training. In fact, vocational education not only provides a clear path to employment but also offers long-term career prospects, including the potential for career advancement and higher salaries.

With the constant evolution of technology, vocational education programs are continuously adapting to prepare students for emerging industries and trends. By incorporating the latest technologies and innovations into their curricula, vocational programs ensure that their graduates remain competitive in an ever-changing job market, making vocational education a valuable and future-proof investment for both students and employers alike.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a field for vocational education?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks 

Problems with colleagues at work are common and can make the environment difficult. One issue is poor communication, (14) ________, which can lead to mistakes. Having poor communication can lead to confusion and mistakes, which affect the team’s progress. Another problem is differing work styles. (15) ________.

Another issue is when colleagues are not respectful of each other’s time and responsibilities. In some cases, tasks are not completed on time, and others have to pick up the slack. Work can be delayed when deadlines (16) ________. 

Read the following passage about managing change and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. 

Managing change means managing people's fear. Change is natural and good, but people's reaction to change is unpredictable and can be irrational. It can be managed if done right.

Nothing is as upsetting to your people as change. Nothing has greater potential to cause failures, loss of production, or falling quality of work. Yet nothing is as important to the survival of your organization as change. History is full of examples of organizations that failed to change and are now extinct. The secret to successfully managing change, from the perspective of the employees, is definition and understanding.

Resistance to change comes from a fear of the unknown or an expectation of loss. The front end of an individual's resistance to change is how they perceive the change. The back end is how well they are equipped to deal with the change they expect.

An individual's degree of resistance to change is determined by whether they perceive the change as good or bad, and how severe they expect the impact of the change to be on them. Their ultimate acceptance of the change is a function of how much resistance the person has and the quality of their coping skills and their support system.

If you move an employee's desk six inches, they may not notice or care. Yet if the reason you moved it those six inches was to fit in another worker in an adjacent desk, there may be high resistance to the change. It depends on whether the original employee feels the hiring of an additional employee is a threat to his job or perceives the hiring as bringing in some needed assistance.

A promotion is usually considered a good change. However, an employee who doubts their ability to handle the new job may strongly resist the promotion. They will give you all kinds of reasons for not wanting the promotion, just not the real one.

You might expect a higher-level employee to be less concerned about being laid off because they have savings and investments to support them during a job search. However, the individual may feel they are overextended and that a job search will be long and complicated. Conversely, your concern for a low-income employee being laid off may be unfounded if they have stashed a nest egg in anticipation of the cut.

Your best salesperson may balk at taking on new, high-potential account because they have an irrational feeling that they don't dress well enough.

If you try and bulldoze this resistance, you will fail. [A] The employee whose desk you had to move will develop production problems. [B] The top worker who keeps declining the promotion may quit rather than have to continue making up excuses for turning you down. [C] And the top salesperson's sales may drop to the point that you stop considering them for the new account. [D]

Why does the author mention moving an employee’s desk?

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, Cor D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

School Career Orientation: Discover Your Future!

Join us for an exciting School Career Orientation designed to help you explore various career ___(7)___! Whether you’re just starting to think about your future or ready to make decisions, this event has something for everyone.

What to Expect:

• ___(8)___ Activities: ___(9)___ interactive workshops where you can experience different professions firsthand.

• Meet Professionals: Connect with industry experts who can share insights and answer your questions.

• Explore Options: Learn about various career paths and find out how to pursue ___(10)___ field of interest.

Don’t miss this opportunity to gain valuable knowledge ___(11)___ your future success. With a ___(12)___ simple steps, you can take charge of your career journey!

Read the following leaflet about a new travel platform and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12

BITCOIN TRADING BOOTCAMP FOR BEGINNERS

Are you curious about bitcoin but overpowered by all the complexity?

Fast-Track Learning: We (7) __________  the basics and fast-track your learning, (8) __________   you don’t waste months trying to understand bitcoin on your own. In just (9) __________  weeks, you’ll have a solid grasp of the essentials.
Real-World Skills: Learn directly from (10) __________ professionals, covering everything from understanding chain to making informed trades.

Exclusive Job Opportunity: Complete our program (11)__________, and you’ll be considered for a role with Blocksage Capital.

Who Should Apply:

Beginners with zero experience in bitcoin or finance
Individuals eager to learn a new skill and potentially start a career in bitcoin
Those looking for a side hustle or new career (12) __________  with real growth potential