Read the following leaflet/notice and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

FIELD TRIP REMINDER

Dear Students,

As we prepare (7) __________ our field trip next week, please keep these guidelines in mind to help protect wildlife and ensure an enjoyable experience.

Before the Trip:

- Prepare for the Outdoors: Wear appropriate clothing and shoes for walking. Bring a water bottle, but avoid single-use plastic.

- Pack Light: Carry only what's necessary, as too (8) __________ items can create unnecessary waste.

During the Trip:

- Be Mindful of Your Impact: Keep a safe distance from wildlife and avoid (9) __________ loud noises that could scare them.

- Leave No Trace: Anything you bring with you (10) __________ - do not leave anything behind.

- Take Photos, Not Things: It's wonderful to capture moments with your camera, (11) __________ never take plants, rocks, or other natural (12) __________.

Let's work together to ensure the protection of wildlife and the environment. Enjoy the trip and remember that we are guests in nature!

Thank you!

Choose the word whose stress is placed differently from that of the others.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

1. Soil pollution is becoming an increasingly serious problem around the world. According to a recent UN report, the world's soils, which provide 95% of humanity's food, are facing great pressure. Industrial activities, mining, farming, and poor waste management are all contributing to soil contamination. As soil pollution increases, the health of the planet, along with the food we depend on, is at risk.

2. Soils play a vital role in supporting life on Earth. They support the growth of plants, which are the basis for our food supply. Moreover, soils are the second largest active store of carbon, after the oceans, and play a critical role in regulating the Earth's climate. They also support various ecosystems and wildlife and help to maintain biodiversity. Without healthy soils, our food production, water supply, and air quality would be negatively affected.

3. There are various factors that lead to soil pollution. Industrial pollution, mining, and farming practices are major contributors, along with poor waste management. Chemicals such as metals, pesticides, and plastics contaminate the soil, making it unsafe for food production and harming wildlife. Other pollutants, like pharmaceuticals and plastics, are adding to the problem.

4. Addressing this issue requires immediate action. The UN calls for governments, businesses, and people to work together to reduce pollution. This means using fewer harmful chemicals, supporting research to find solutions, and using better farming practices. Everyone needs to play their part to protect the soil. If we don't act now, soil pollution will keep getting worse, affecting our health, food, and the environment.

The word They in paragraph 2 refers to __________.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Green consumers will only buy eco-friendly __________ to help protect the environment.

Read the following leaflet/notice and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

FIELD TRIP REMINDER

Dear Students,

As we prepare (7) __________ our field trip next week, please keep these guidelines in mind to help protect wildlife and ensure an enjoyable experience.

Before the Trip:

- Prepare for the Outdoors: Wear appropriate clothing and shoes for walking. Bring a water bottle, but avoid single-use plastic.

- Pack Light: Carry only what's necessary, as too (8) __________ items can create unnecessary waste.

During the Trip:

- Be Mindful of Your Impact: Keep a safe distance from wildlife and avoid (9) __________ loud noises that could scare them.

- Leave No Trace: Anything you bring with you (10) __________ - do not leave anything behind.

- Take Photos, Not Things: It's wonderful to capture moments with your camera, (11) __________ never take plants, rocks, or other natural (12) __________.

Let's work together to ensure the protection of wildlife and the environment. Enjoy the trip and remember that we are guests in nature!

Thank you!

Read the following leaflet/notice and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

NOTICE TO RESIDENTS: NEW RECYCLING BINS

Dear Residents,

We are excited to inform you that new recycling bins have been installed in our community to improve waste (7) __________ and create a cleaner environment for everyone.

The bins are now in these categories:

- Recyclables – Use this bin for paper, cardboard, plastics, and glass bottles, (8) __________ can be recycled to help reduce waste.

- Organic Waste – This bin is for (9) __________ like food scraps and yard waste. These will be turned into (10) __________ and used to enrich the soil in our community garden.

- General Waste – Use this bin for items that cannot be recycled or composted, like broken or dirty packaging.

❗Please remember:

- Do NOT place recyclables in the recycling bins (11) __________ they are properly cleaned.

- All recyclables (12) __________ before being placed in the bins to avoid contamination.

Thank you for helping us reduce waste and protect the planet!

Choose the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s): The soil was so badly eroded it could no longer sustain crop production.

Read the following leaflet/notice and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

NOTICE TO RESIDENTS: NEW RECYCLING BINS

Dear Residents,

We are excited to inform you that new recycling bins have been installed in our community to improve waste (7) __________ and create a cleaner environment for everyone.

The bins are now in these categories:

- Recyclables – Use this bin for paper, cardboard, plastics, and glass bottles, (8) __________ can be recycled to help reduce waste.

- Organic Waste – This bin is for (9) __________ like food scraps and yard waste. These will be turned into (10) __________ and used to enrich the soil in our community garden.

- General Waste – Use this bin for items that cannot be recycled or composted, like broken or dirty packaging.

❗Please remember:

- Do NOT place recyclables in the recycling bins (11) __________ they are properly cleaned.

- All recyclables (12) __________ before being placed in the bins to avoid contamination.

Thank you for helping us reduce waste and protect the planet!

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

1. Packing school lunches is a daily task for many parents, but it also has a significant impact on the environment. The typical lunchbox often contains plastic wrap, disposable juice boxes, snack bags, and individually wrapped items. These materials are detrimental to the environment, as they take hundreds of years to break down. Much of this waste ends up in landfills or, worse, in oceans, where it poses a serious threat to wildlife. With so many children bringing lunch to school every day, the waste from plastic and packaging adds up quickly.

2. [I] Food waste is another major issue linked to school lunches. [II] Often, parents over-pack lunchboxes in an effort to ensure their children have enough food. [III] However, this leads to uneaten food being discarded, contributing to food waste and unnecessary packaging waste. Discarded food in landfills decomposes and releases methane, a harmful greenhouse gas, further damaging the environment. [IV]

3. To tackle these problems, there are simple changes that can help reduce both food and packaging waste. Using reusable containers instead of single-use plastics eliminates the need for plastic wrap. Another important step is involving children in meal planning and packing. By teaching them about portion sizes and helping them choose foods they enjoy and are likely to eat, parents can reduce the amount of uneaten food that gets thrown away. Choosing fresh, unprocessed foods, which usually require less packaging, is another way to make lunchboxes more eco-friendly.

4. Ultimately, small changes in how we pack school lunches can make a big difference in reducing waste and protecting the environment. By being more conscious of our choices, we can help ensure a healthier planet for future generations.

Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

Choose the best one (A, B, C or D) to complete the sentence or replace the underlined word.

In the last century, a lot of the world’s forests _______ to provide wood for making furniture and paper.

Read the following passage and choose the best answers to the questions.

Conservation conflicts arise when natural-resource shortages develop in the face of steadily increasing demands from a growing human population. Controversy frequently surrounds how a resource should be used, or allocated, and for whom. For example, a river may supply water for agricultural irrigation, habitat for fish, and water-generated electricity for a factory. Farmers, fishers, and industry leader vie for unrestricted access  to this river, but such freedom could destroy the resource, and conservation methods are necessary to protect the river for future use.

Conflicts worsen when a natural resource crosses political boundaries. For example, the headwaters, or source, of a major river may be located in a different country than the country through which the river flows. There is no guarantee that the river source will be protected to accommodate resource needs downstream. In addition, the way in which one natural resource is managed has a direct effect upon other natural resources. Cutting down a forest near a river, for instance, increases erosion, the wearing away of topsoil, and can lead to flooding. Eroded soil and silt cloud the river and adversely affect many organisms such as fish and important aquatic plants that require clean, clear freshwater for survival.

Which word in the reading means “ living or growing in, or relating to water” ?

Read the following leaflet/notice and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

NOTICE TO RESIDENTS: NEW RECYCLING BINS

Dear Residents,

We are excited to inform you that new recycling bins have been installed in our community to improve waste (7) __________ and create a cleaner environment for everyone.

The bins are now in these categories:

- Recyclables – Use this bin for paper, cardboard, plastics, and glass bottles, (8) __________ can be recycled to help reduce waste.

- Organic Waste – This bin is for (9) __________ like food scraps and yard waste. These will be turned into (10) __________ and used to enrich the soil in our community garden.

- General Waste – Use this bin for items that cannot be recycled or composted, like broken or dirty packaging.

❗Please remember:

- Do NOT place recyclables in the recycling bins (11) __________ they are properly cleaned.

- All recyclables (12) __________ before being placed in the bins to avoid contamination.

Thank you for helping us reduce waste and protect the planet!

Read the following passage and choose the best answers to the questions.

Conservation conflicts arise when natural-resource shortages develop in the face of steadily increasing demands from a growing human population. Controversy frequently surrounds how a resource should be used, or allocated, and for whom. For example, a river may supply water for agricultural irrigation, habitat for fish, and water-generated electricity for a factory. Farmers, fishers, and industry leader vie for unrestricted access  to this river, but such freedom could destroy the resource, and conservation methods are necessary to protect the river for future use.

Conflicts worsen when a natural resource crosses political boundaries. For example, the headwaters, or source, of a major river may be located in a different country than the country through which the river flows. There is no guarantee that the river source will be protected to accommodate resource needs downstream. In addition, the way in which one natural resource is managed has a direct effect upon other natural resources. Cutting down a forest near a river, for instance, increases erosion, the wearing away of topsoil, and can lead to flooding. Eroded soil and silt cloud the river and adversely affect many organisms such as fish and important aquatic plants that require clean, clear freshwater for survival.

Which sentence below is NOT correct?

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

1. Soil pollution is becoming an increasingly serious problem around the world. According to a recent UN report, the world's soils, which provide 95% of humanity's food, are facing great pressure. Industrial activities, mining, farming, and poor waste management are all contributing to soil contamination. As soil pollution increases, the health of the planet, along with the food we depend on, is at risk.

2. Soils play a vital role in supporting life on Earth. They support the growth of plants, which are the basis for our food supply. Moreover, soils are the second largest active store of carbon, after the oceans, and play a critical role in regulating the Earth's climate. They also support various ecosystems and wildlife and help to maintain biodiversity. Without healthy soils, our food production, water supply, and air quality would be negatively affected.

3. There are various factors that lead to soil pollution. Industrial pollution, mining, and farming practices are major contributors, along with poor waste management. Chemicals such as metals, pesticides, and plastics contaminate the soil, making it unsafe for food production and harming wildlife. Other pollutants, like pharmaceuticals and plastics, are adding to the problem.

4. Addressing this issue requires immediate action. The UN calls for governments, businesses, and people to work together to reduce pollution. This means using fewer harmful chemicals, supporting research to find solutions, and using better farming practices. Everyone needs to play their part to protect the soil. If we don't act now, soil pollution will keep getting worse, affecting our health, food, and the environment.

The word regulating in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by __________.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

Ecotourism is booming and many tour operators say this is helpful to nature. Every year, millions of people visit protected (31) ____ areas to observe rare species. However, a new report casts doubt on this form of tourism. The report, published in the journal "Trends in Ecology and Evolution", suggests that ecotourism damages more than (32) ____ nature. Researchers believe tourists disrupt animals in their natural (33) ____. They point to a recent event in Costa Rica where turtles had problems laying their eggs because of the many tourists who had gathered on the beach to watch them.

The report says that ecotourism is making animals bolder. A human presence makes animals tamer and less cautious about other animals. This could put them at (34) ____ of being attacked by their natural predators, so more of them will be killed. The report says that when animals interact with humans, "they may let (35) ____ their guard”. The report also says it is essential, “to develop a more comprehensive understanding of how different species in different situations respond to human visitation, and under what precise conditions human exposure might put them at risk".

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

1. Packing school lunches is a daily task for many parents, but it also has a significant impact on the environment. The typical lunchbox often contains plastic wrap, disposable juice boxes, snack bags, and individually wrapped items. These materials are detrimental to the environment, as they take hundreds of years to break down. Much of this waste ends up in landfills or, worse, in oceans, where it poses a serious threat to wildlife. With so many children bringing lunch to school every day, the waste from plastic and packaging adds up quickly.

2. [I] Food waste is another major issue linked to school lunches. [II] Often, parents over-pack lunchboxes in an effort to ensure their children have enough food. [III] However, this leads to uneaten food being discarded, contributing to food waste and unnecessary packaging waste. Discarded food in landfills decomposes and releases methane, a harmful greenhouse gas, further damaging the environment. [IV]

3. To tackle these problems, there are simple changes that can help reduce both food and packaging waste. Using reusable containers instead of single-use plastics eliminates the need for plastic wrap. Another important step is involving children in meal planning and packing. By teaching them about portion sizes and helping them choose foods they enjoy and are likely to eat, parents can reduce the amount of uneaten food that gets thrown away. Choosing fresh, unprocessed foods, which usually require less packaging, is another way to make lunchboxes more eco-friendly.

4. Ultimately, small changes in how we pack school lunches can make a big difference in reducing waste and protecting the environment. By being more conscious of our choices, we can help ensure a healthier planet for future generations.

Which of the following best summarises paragraph 1?

Choose the best answer.

We should develop such ____ sources of energy as solar energy and nuclear energy.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

1. Ecotourism has become a popular way to explore the natural world, with activities ranging from safaris to whale watching. It promises a sustainable way to appreciate wildlife while contributing to conservation. However, questions remain: does ecotourism truly benefit endangered species, or could it be causing harm?

2. A recent study published in PLOS ONE looked at the impact of ecotourism on various species. On the positive side, species such as the great green macaw in Costa Rica, African penguins, and golden lion tamarins in Brazil have benefited from ecotourism. Tourism funds have helped protect their habitats and support local conservation efforts. The study suggests that when managed well, ecotourism can lead to substantial conservation benefits, including habitat restoration and anti-poaching activities.

3. However, the impact of ecotourism varies by species and region. For instance, while some species thrive under ecotourism's influence, others do not. Orangutans in Sumatra, for example, continue to suffer from the effects of logging despite small-scale ecotourism efforts. Similarly, in New Zealand, ecotourism is exacerbating the problems faced by sea lions, as increased human presence disrupts their natural behavior.

4. The research highlights the complexity of ecotourism's effects. In some cases, ecotourism can greatly reduce the risk of extinction by providing money for conservation and protecting important habitats. However, without careful management, tourism can be harmful, especially when combined with other threats like poaching and habitat loss. To understand whether ecotourism will help or harm a species, local conditions and species-specific factors must be taken into account.

Which of the following species is NOT mentioned as benefiting from ecotourism?

Word formation. Do not capitalize answers.

Many national parks have been established to protect  ______ animals. (DANGER)  

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

1. Soil pollution is becoming an increasingly serious problem around the world. According to a recent UN report, the world's soils, which provide 95% of humanity's food, are facing great pressure. Industrial activities, mining, farming, and poor waste management are all contributing to soil contamination. As soil pollution increases, the health of the planet, along with the food we depend on, is at risk.

2. Soils play a vital role in supporting life on Earth. They support the growth of plants, which are the basis for our food supply. Moreover, soils are the second largest active store of carbon, after the oceans, and play a critical role in regulating the Earth's climate. They also support various ecosystems and wildlife and help to maintain biodiversity. Without healthy soils, our food production, water supply, and air quality would be negatively affected.

3. There are various factors that lead to soil pollution. Industrial pollution, mining, and farming practices are major contributors, along with poor waste management. Chemicals such as metals, pesticides, and plastics contaminate the soil, making it unsafe for food production and harming wildlife. Other pollutants, like pharmaceuticals and plastics, are adding to the problem.

4. Addressing this issue requires immediate action. The UN calls for governments, businesses, and people to work together to reduce pollution. This means using fewer harmful chemicals, supporting research to find solutions, and using better farming practices. Everyone needs to play their part to protect the soil. If we don't act now, soil pollution will keep getting worse, affecting our health, food, and the environment.

In which paragraph does the writer give examples of chemicals that contribute to soil pollution?

Read the following passage and choose the best answers to the questions.

Conservation conflicts arise when natural-resource shortages develop in the face of steadily increasing demands from a growing human population. Controversy frequently surrounds how a resource should be used, or allocated, and for whom. For example, a river may supply water for agricultural irrigation, habitat for fish, and water-generated electricity for a factory. Farmers, fishers, and industry leader vie for unrestricted access  to this river, but such freedom could destroy the resource, and conservation methods are necessary to protect the river for future use.

Conflicts worsen when a natural resource crosses political boundaries. For example, the headwaters, or source, of a major river may be located in a different country than the country through which the river flows. There is no guarantee that the river source will be protected to accommodate resource needs downstream. In addition, the way in which one natural resource is managed has a direct effect upon other natural resources. Cutting down a forest near a river, for instance, increases erosion, the wearing away of topsoil, and can lead to flooding. Eroded soil and silt cloud the river and adversely affect many organisms such as fish and important aquatic plants that require clean, clear freshwater for survival.

What does “supply” in line 3 mean?