Choose the best one (A, B, C or D) to complete the sentence or replace the underlined word.

In the last century, a lot of the world’s forests _______ to provide wood for making furniture and paper.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best completes each of the following exchanges.

Student A: We will help reduce pollution if we ride our bikes or use public transportation.

Student B: __________

Read the following leaflet/notice and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

FIELD TRIP REMINDER

Dear Students,

As we prepare (7) __________ our field trip next week, please keep these guidelines in mind to help protect wildlife and ensure an enjoyable experience.

Before the Trip:

- Prepare for the Outdoors: Wear appropriate clothing and shoes for walking. Bring a water bottle, but avoid single-use plastic.

- Pack Light: Carry only what's necessary, as too (8) __________ items can create unnecessary waste.

During the Trip:

- Be Mindful of Your Impact: Keep a safe distance from wildlife and avoid (9) __________ loud noises that could scare them.

- Leave No Trace: Anything you bring with you (10) __________ - do not leave anything behind.

- Take Photos, Not Things: It's wonderful to capture moments with your camera, (11) __________ never take plants, rocks, or other natural (12) __________.

Let's work together to ensure the protection of wildlife and the environment. Enjoy the trip and remember that we are guests in nature!

Thank you!

Choose the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17.

a. David: We can start by recycling more and using less plastic.

b. David: I'm getting involved in a green movement to help the planet. Want to join?

c. Linh: That sounds interesting! What can I do to help?

Choose the best answer.

We should develop such ____ sources of energy as solar energy and nuclear energy.

Choose the word whose stress pattern is different from the other three in each of the following questions. 

Rewrite the following sentences without changing their meaning. Use the given word(s) if any.

Each of us should buy less and recycle more, so we can reduce waste at home.

If each of us _____________________________________________

Read the following passage and choose the best answers to the questions.

Conservation conflicts arise when natural-resource shortages develop in the face of steadily increasing demands from a growing human population. Controversy frequently surrounds how a resource should be used, or allocated, and for whom. For example, a river may supply water for agricultural irrigation, habitat for fish, and water-generated electricity for a factory. Farmers, fishers, and industry leader vie for unrestricted access  to this river, but such freedom could destroy the resource, and conservation methods are necessary to protect the river for future use.

Conflicts worsen when a natural resource crosses political boundaries. For example, the headwaters, or source, of a major river may be located in a different country than the country through which the river flows. There is no guarantee that the river source will be protected to accommodate resource needs downstream. In addition, the way in which one natural resource is managed has a direct effect upon other natural resources. Cutting down a forest near a river, for instance, increases erosion, the wearing away of topsoil, and can lead to flooding. Eroded soil and silt cloud the river and adversely affect many organisms such as fish and important aquatic plants that require clean, clear freshwater for survival.

Which sentence below is NOT correct?

Word formation. Do not capitalize answers.

All fossil fuels are ___ resources that cannot be replaced after use. (RENEW)

Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

1. Soil pollution is becoming an increasingly serious problem around the world. According to a recent UN report, the world's soils, which provide 95% of humanity's food, are facing great pressure. Industrial activities, mining, farming, and poor waste management are all contributing to soil contamination. As soil pollution increases, the health of the planet, along with the food we depend on, is at risk.

2. Soils play a vital role in supporting life on Earth. They support the growth of plants, which are the basis for our food supply. Moreover, soils are the second largest active store of carbon, after the oceans, and play a critical role in regulating the Earth's climate. They also support various ecosystems and wildlife and help to maintain biodiversity. Without healthy soils, our food production, water supply, and air quality would be negatively affected.

3. There are various factors that lead to soil pollution. Industrial pollution, mining, and farming practices are major contributors, along with poor waste management. Chemicals such as metals, pesticides, and plastics contaminate the soil, making it unsafe for food production and harming wildlife. Other pollutants, like pharmaceuticals and plastics, are adding to the problem.

4. Addressing this issue requires immediate action. The UN calls for governments, businesses, and people to work together to reduce pollution. This means using fewer harmful chemicals, supporting research to find solutions, and using better farming practices. Everyone needs to play their part to protect the soil. If we don't act now, soil pollution will keep getting worse, affecting our health, food, and the environment.

In which paragraph does the writer give an explanation by mentioning a report?

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

1. Ecotourism has become a popular way to explore the natural world, with activities ranging from safaris to whale watching. It promises a sustainable way to appreciate wildlife while contributing to conservation. However, questions remain: does ecotourism truly benefit endangered species, or could it be causing harm?

2. A recent study published in PLOS ONE looked at the impact of ecotourism on various species. On the positive side, species such as the great green macaw in Costa Rica, African penguins, and golden lion tamarins in Brazil have benefited from ecotourism. Tourism funds have helped protect their habitats and support local conservation efforts. The study suggests that when managed well, ecotourism can lead to substantial conservation benefits, including habitat restoration and anti-poaching activities.

3. However, the impact of ecotourism varies by species and region. For instance, while some species thrive under ecotourism's influence, others do not. Orangutans in Sumatra, for example, continue to suffer from the effects of logging despite small-scale ecotourism efforts. Similarly, in New Zealand, ecotourism is exacerbating the problems faced by sea lions, as increased human presence disrupts their natural behavior.

4. The research highlights the complexity of ecotourism's effects. In some cases, ecotourism can greatly reduce the risk of extinction by providing money for conservation and protecting important habitats. However, without careful management, tourism can be harmful, especially when combined with other threats like poaching and habitat loss. To understand whether ecotourism will help or harm a species, local conditions and species-specific factors must be taken into account.

Which of the following species is NOT mentioned as benefiting from ecotourism?

Choose the word whose stress is placed differently from that of the others.

Write the correct forms of the words in brackets.

We should switch to renewable energy because it is __________ friendly. (ENVIRONMENT)

Read the following leaflet/notice and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

FIELD TRIP REMINDER

Dear Students,

As we prepare (7) __________ our field trip next week, please keep these guidelines in mind to help protect wildlife and ensure an enjoyable experience.

Before the Trip:

- Prepare for the Outdoors: Wear appropriate clothing and shoes for walking. Bring a water bottle, but avoid single-use plastic.

- Pack Light: Carry only what's necessary, as too (8) __________ items can create unnecessary waste.

During the Trip:

- Be Mindful of Your Impact: Keep a safe distance from wildlife and avoid (9) __________ loud noises that could scare them.

- Leave No Trace: Anything you bring with you (10) __________ - do not leave anything behind.

- Take Photos, Not Things: It's wonderful to capture moments with your camera, (11) __________ never take plants, rocks, or other natural (12) __________.

Let's work together to ensure the protection of wildlife and the environment. Enjoy the trip and remember that we are guests in nature!

Thank you!

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

1. Soil pollution is becoming an increasingly serious problem around the world. According to a recent UN report, the world's soils, which provide 95% of humanity's food, are facing great pressure. Industrial activities, mining, farming, and poor waste management are all contributing to soil contamination. As soil pollution increases, the health of the planet, along with the food we depend on, is at risk.

2. Soils play a vital role in supporting life on Earth. They support the growth of plants, which are the basis for our food supply. Moreover, soils are the second largest active store of carbon, after the oceans, and play a critical role in regulating the Earth's climate. They also support various ecosystems and wildlife and help to maintain biodiversity. Without healthy soils, our food production, water supply, and air quality would be negatively affected.

3. There are various factors that lead to soil pollution. Industrial pollution, mining, and farming practices are major contributors, along with poor waste management. Chemicals such as metals, pesticides, and plastics contaminate the soil, making it unsafe for food production and harming wildlife. Other pollutants, like pharmaceuticals and plastics, are adding to the problem.

4. Addressing this issue requires immediate action. The UN calls for governments, businesses, and people to work together to reduce pollution. This means using fewer harmful chemicals, supporting research to find solutions, and using better farming practices. Everyone needs to play their part to protect the soil. If we don't act now, soil pollution will keep getting worse, affecting our health, food, and the environment.

Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

1. Soil pollution is becoming an increasingly serious problem around the world. According to a recent UN report, the world's soils, which provide 95% of humanity's food, are facing great pressure. Industrial activities, mining, farming, and poor waste management are all contributing to soil contamination. As soil pollution increases, the health of the planet, along with the food we depend on, is at risk.

2. Soils play a vital role in supporting life on Earth. They support the growth of plants, which are the basis for our food supply. Moreover, soils are the second largest active store of carbon, after the oceans, and play a critical role in regulating the Earth's climate. They also support various ecosystems and wildlife and help to maintain biodiversity. Without healthy soils, our food production, water supply, and air quality would be negatively affected.

3. There are various factors that lead to soil pollution. Industrial pollution, mining, and farming practices are major contributors, along with poor waste management. Chemicals such as metals, pesticides, and plastics contaminate the soil, making it unsafe for food production and harming wildlife. Other pollutants, like pharmaceuticals and plastics, are adding to the problem.

4. Addressing this issue requires immediate action. The UN calls for governments, businesses, and people to work together to reduce pollution. This means using fewer harmful chemicals, supporting research to find solutions, and using better farming practices. Everyone needs to play their part to protect the soil. If we don't act now, soil pollution will keep getting worse, affecting our health, food, and the environment.

According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT a cause of soil pollution?

Choose the word whose stress is placed differently from that of the others.

Answer the questions and choose the best answer:

Bad weather

Lisa

I live in the north of Finland. We’re used to snow there, but one year we had a very bad snowstorm. When we woke up one morning the snow was nearly as high as the house. It covered our car and our garden, and we couldn’t open our front door. We didn’t have any electricity, and it was dark and cold. Luckily, we were prepared, and we had a radio with batteries, a torch and warm clothes. For me it was like an adventure, but my mum and dad were very worried.

Hannah

My family and I often go sailing, but last summer we had a bad experience. The day began well. It was a hot and sunny so we decided to take the boat out. An hour later the weather changed very suddenly. The wind became stronger, clouds covered the sun, it started to rain and the sea became very rough. I thought we were going to die. Luckily, after a few hours the storm passed, but it was the scariest day of my life.

Paula

My village is near the sea, and a few winters ago something very strange happened. The wind became very strong and big waves started crashing over the harbour edge onto the road. Overnight, the temperature dropped so low that the seawater turned into ice. The next day the sea looked like a giant ice rink. There was also ice on the roads and the cars. Luckily nobody was hurt, but it was the strangest weather I’ve ever experienced.

Who was in danger because of the bad weather?

Choose the correct answer to fill in the blank in each of the following questions.

Increasing temperatures worldwide due to global warming has __________ a reduction in sales of tea in the UK recently.

Read the following passage and choose the best answers to the questions.

Conservation conflicts arise when natural-resource shortages develop in the face of steadily increasing demands from a growing human population. Controversy frequently surrounds how a resource should be used, or allocated, and for whom. For example, a river may supply water for agricultural irrigation, habitat for fish, and water-generated electricity for a factory. Farmers, fishers, and industry leader vie for unrestricted access  to this river, but such freedom could destroy the resource, and conservation methods are necessary to protect the river for future use.

Conflicts worsen when a natural resource crosses political boundaries. For example, the headwaters, or source, of a major river may be located in a different country than the country through which the river flows. There is no guarantee that the river source will be protected to accommodate resource needs downstream. In addition, the way in which one natural resource is managed has a direct effect upon other natural resources. Cutting down a forest near a river, for instance, increases erosion, the wearing away of topsoil, and can lead to flooding. Eroded soil and silt cloud the river and adversely affect many organisms such as fish and important aquatic plants that require clean, clear freshwater for survival.

What is the passage above mainly about?