Nitrogen là một phần của các amino acid, protein, và nucleic acid và thường giới hạn sinh trưởng của thực vật.
Các dạng nitrogen cần thiết cho sự sống: Thực vật sử dụng 2 dạng nitrogen vô cơ (đạm vô cơ) – ammonium (\(\text{NH}_{4}^{+}\)) và nitrate (\(\text{NO}_{3}^{-}\)) và một số dạng nitrogen hữu cơ như amino acid. Các vi khuẩn khác nhau có thể sử dụng tất cả các dạng nitrogen kể cả nitrite (\(\text{NO}_{2}^{-}\)). Động vật chỉ sử dụng nitrogen hữu cơ.
Nguồn dự trữ nitrogen: Nguồn dự trữ nitrogen chủ yếu là bầu khí quyển, với 80% khí nitrogen (N2). Nguồn dự trữ khác là trong đất và các trầm tích hồ, sông và đại dương (nitrogen liên kết); nước bề mặt và nước ngầm (nitrogen hòa tan); và sinh khối của sinh vật sống.
Các quá trình chủ yếu: Con đường chính của nitrogen đi vào hệ sinh thái là cố định nitrogen phân tử (N2) thành dạng đạm có thể sử dụng để tổng hợp thành phần nitrogen hữu cơ. Một số phân tử nitrogen cũng có thể được cố định nhờ ánh sáng mặt trời. Các dạng phân đạm \(\text{NH}_{4}^{+}\) và \(\text{NO}_{3}^{-}\) hình thành trong bầu khí quyển, theo nước mưa và bụi đi vào các hệ sinh thái. Quá trình ammonia hóa phân giải chất hữu cơ thành đạm ammonia (\(\text{NH}_{4}^{+}\)). Quá trình nitrate hóa, qua hoạt động của vi khuẩn nitrate hóa, phân giải đạm ammonia thành đạm nitrate (\(\text{NO}_{3}^{-}\)). Dưới các điều kiện kị khí, vi khuẩn phản nitrate hóa sử dụng đạm trong quá trình trao đổi chất thay cho O2 và giải phóng N2 – quá trình này được gọi là phản nitrate hóa.
Thực vật sử dụng nitrogen dưới dạng
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Hình bên dưới là sơ đồ nguyên lí hoạt động của một máy làm nóng nước. Nước lạnh có nhiệt độ \(t_{1}=20,2^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) được đưa vào máy từ ống dẫn nước lạnh với lưu lượng \(\mu=2,50\) lít \(/ \mathrm{phút}\). Khối lượng riêng của nước là \(\rho=1000 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\). Nhiệt dung riêng của nước là \(c=4180 \mathrm{~J} /(\mathrm{kg} \cdot \mathrm{K})\). Hiệu suất làm nóng nước là \(H=95 \%\).Nhiệt độ của nước tăng một lượng bao nhiêu kelvin \((\mathrm{K})\) khi đi qua máy làm nóng nước?
Một lò nấu luyện nhôm sử dụng điện, trung bình nấu chảy được 400 kg nhôm trong mỗi lần luyện. Biết nhiệt nóng chảy riêng của nhôm là \(4 \cdot 10^{5} \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{kg}\).
Lò nấu sử dụng điện để luyện nhôm với hiệu suất \(90 \%\). Tính lượng điện năng (theo đơn vị kW.h) cần cung cấp cho quá trình làm nóng chảy lượng nhôm ở Câu 3 .
Khi nam châm dịch chuyển ra xa ống dây (như hình bên), trong ống dây có dòng điện cảm ứng. Nếu nhìn từ phía thanh nam châm vào đầu ống dây thì phát biểu nào sau đây là đúng?
Đồng vị phóng xạ \(\beta^{-}\)xenon \({ }_{54}^{133} \mathrm{Xe}\) được sử dụng trong phương pháp nguyên tử đánh dấu của y học hạt nhân khi kiểm tra chức năng và chẩn đoán các bệnh về phổi. Mỗi hạt nhân xenon \({ }_{54}^{133} \mathrm{Xe}\) phân rã tạo thành một hạt nhân cesium, một hạt \(\beta^{-}\) và một hạt \({ }_{0}^{0} \bar{v}\). Chu kì bán rã của xenon \({ }_{54}^{133} \mathrm{Xe}\) là \(\mathrm{T}=5,24\) ngày. Một mẫu khí chứa xenon \({ }_{54}^{133} \mathrm{Xe}\) được sản xuất tại nhà máy có độ phóng xạ \(\mathrm{H}_{0}=4,25 \cdot 10^{9} \mathrm{~Bq}\). Mẫu đó được vận chuyển về bệnh viện và sử dụng cho bệnh nhân sau đó \(t=2,00\) ngày.
Độ phóng xạ của mẫu xenon \({ }_{54}^{133} \mathrm{Xe}\) khi bệnh nhân sử dụng là \(x \cdot 10^{9} \mathrm{~Bq}\). Tìm \(x\) (làm tròn kết quả đến chữ số hàng phần trăm).
Gọi \(p, V\) và \(T\) lần lượt là áp suất, thể tích và nhiệt độ tuyệt đối của một khối khí lí tưởng xác định. Công thức nào sau đây mô tả đúng định luật Boyle?
Hạt nhân càng bền vững nếu nó có...
Read the following passage about lifelong learning and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.
[I] Lifelong learning is the ongoing, voluntary, and self-motivated pursuit of knowledge for personal or professional development (Knowles, 2020). [II] This concept emphasizes that learning does not stop after formal education, but rather continues throughout an individual's life, adapting to changing circumstances and needs. [III] In today’s fast-paced world, where technology and job markets evolve rapidly, lifelong learning has become increasingly essential. [IV]
One of the primary benefits of lifelong learning is its ability to enhance employability. Individuals who engage in continuous education are more likely to keep their skills relevant and competitive in the job market. According to a report by the World Economic Forum (2021), over 50% of employees will need reskilling due to technological advancements in the coming years. Lifelong learners are better equipped to adapt to these changes, making them more attractive candidates for employers.
Moreover, lifelong learning contributes to personal fulfillment and mental well-being. Engaging in new learning experiences can stimulate the brain, foster creativity, and improve cognitive function. Research indicates that individuals who pursue learning opportunities throughout their lives tend to report higher levels of happiness and life satisfaction (Smith & Johnson, 2019). Whether it is taking a course, learning a new language, or picking up a new hobby, the process of acquiring knowledge can be enriching and enjoyable.
In addition, lifelong learning promotes social engagement and community involvement. Participating in educational programs or community workshops can foster connections with others who share similar interests. This social aspect of learning can enhance one's sense of belonging and support networks, which are crucial for mental health (Jones, 2022).
Overall, lifelong learning is not just an individual responsibility; it requires support from educational institutions, employers, and communities to create an environment conducive to continuous education. By fostering a culture of learning, society can better prepare individuals for the challenges of the future and ensure that everyone has the opportunity to thrive.
(Adapted from The Importance of Lifelong Learning by Knowles, Smith, Johnson, and others)
Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 3?
Read the following passage about lifelong learning and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.
[I] Lifelong learning is the ongoing, voluntary, and self-motivated pursuit of knowledge for personal or professional development (Knowles, 2020). [II] This concept emphasizes that learning does not stop after formal education, but rather continues throughout an individual's life, adapting to changing circumstances and needs. [III] In today’s fast-paced world, where technology and job markets evolve rapidly, lifelong learning has become increasingly essential. [IV]
One of the primary benefits of lifelong learning is its ability to enhance employability. Individuals who engage in continuous education are more likely to keep their skills relevant and competitive in the job market. According to a report by the World Economic Forum (2021), over 50% of employees will need reskilling due to technological advancements in the coming years. Lifelong learners are better equipped to adapt to these changes, making them more attractive candidates for employers.
Moreover, lifelong learning contributes to personal fulfillment and mental well-being. Engaging in new learning experiences can stimulate the brain, foster creativity, and improve cognitive function. Research indicates that individuals who pursue learning opportunities throughout their lives tend to report higher levels of happiness and life satisfaction (Smith & Johnson, 2019). Whether it is taking a course, learning a new language, or picking up a new hobby, the process of acquiring knowledge can be enriching and enjoyable.
In addition, lifelong learning promotes social engagement and community involvement. Participating in educational programs or community workshops can foster connections with others who share similar interests. This social aspect of learning can enhance one's sense of belonging and support networks, which are crucial for mental health (Jones, 2022).
Overall, lifelong learning is not just an individual responsibility; it requires support from educational institutions, employers, and communities to create an environment conducive to continuous education. By fostering a culture of learning, society can better prepare individuals for the challenges of the future and ensure that everyone has the opportunity to thrive.
(Adapted from The Importance of Lifelong Learning by Knowles, Smith, Johnson, and others)
According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a benefit of lifelong learning?
Read the following passage about lifelong learning and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.
[I] Lifelong learning is the ongoing, voluntary, and self-motivated pursuit of knowledge for personal or professional development (Knowles, 2020). [II] This concept emphasizes that learning does not stop after formal education, but rather continues throughout an individual's life, adapting to changing circumstances and needs. [III] In today’s fast-paced world, where technology and job markets evolve rapidly, lifelong learning has become increasingly essential. [IV]
One of the primary benefits of lifelong learning is its ability to enhance employability. Individuals who engage in continuous education are more likely to keep their skills relevant and competitive in the job market. According to a report by the World Economic Forum (2021), over 50% of employees will need reskilling due to technological advancements in the coming years. Lifelong learners are better equipped to adapt to these changes, making them more attractive candidates for employers.
Moreover, lifelong learning contributes to personal fulfillment and mental well-being. Engaging in new learning experiences can stimulate the brain, foster creativity, and improve cognitive function. Research indicates that individuals who pursue learning opportunities throughout their lives tend to report higher levels of happiness and life satisfaction (Smith & Johnson, 2019). Whether it is taking a course, learning a new language, or picking up a new hobby, the process of acquiring knowledge can be enriching and enjoyable.
In addition, lifelong learning promotes social engagement and community involvement. Participating in educational programs or community workshops can foster connections with others who share similar interests. This social aspect of learning can enhance one's sense of belonging and support networks, which are crucial for mental health (Jones, 2022).
Overall, lifelong learning is not just an individual responsibility; it requires support from educational institutions, employers, and communities to create an environment conducive to continuous education. By fostering a culture of learning, society can better prepare individuals for the challenges of the future and ensure that everyone has the opportunity to thrive.
(Adapted from The Importance of Lifelong Learning by Knowles, Smith, Johnson, and others)
Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?
Một đoạn dây dẫn nằm ngang được giữ cố định ở vùng từ trường đều trong khoảng không gian giữa hai cực của nam châm. Nam châm này được đặt trên một cái cân như hình bên. Phần nằm trong từ trường của đoạn dây dẫn có chiều dài là \(l=2,0 \mathrm{~cm}\). Khi không có dòng điện chạy trong đoạn dây, số chỉ của cân là \(m_{0}=\) \(500,68 \mathrm{~g}\). Khi có dòng điện cường độ \(I=0,75 \mathrm{~A}\) chạy trong đoạn dây, số chỉ của cân là \(m=500,12 \mathrm{~g}\). Lấy \(g=9,80 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\). Độ lớn cảm ứng từ giữa các cực của nam châm bằng bao nhiêu T (làm tròn kết quả đến chữ số hàng phần trăm)?
Read the following passage about lifelong learning and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.
[I] Lifelong learning is the ongoing, voluntary, and self-motivated pursuit of knowledge for personal or professional development (Knowles, 2020). [II] This concept emphasizes that learning does not stop after formal education, but rather continues throughout an individual's life, adapting to changing circumstances and needs. [III] In today’s fast-paced world, where technology and job markets evolve rapidly, lifelong learning has become increasingly essential. [IV]
One of the primary benefits of lifelong learning is its ability to enhance employability. Individuals who engage in continuous education are more likely to keep their skills relevant and competitive in the job market. According to a report by the World Economic Forum (2021), over 50% of employees will need reskilling due to technological advancements in the coming years. Lifelong learners are better equipped to adapt to these changes, making them more attractive candidates for employers.
Moreover, lifelong learning contributes to personal fulfillment and mental well-being. Engaging in new learning experiences can stimulate the brain, foster creativity, and improve cognitive function. Research indicates that individuals who pursue learning opportunities throughout their lives tend to report higher levels of happiness and life satisfaction (Smith & Johnson, 2019). Whether it is taking a course, learning a new language, or picking up a new hobby, the process of acquiring knowledge can be enriching and enjoyable.
In addition, lifelong learning promotes social engagement and community involvement. Participating in educational programs or community workshops can foster connections with others who share similar interests. This social aspect of learning can enhance one's sense of belonging and support networks, which are crucial for mental health (Jones, 2022).
Overall, lifelong learning is not just an individual responsibility; it requires support from educational institutions, employers, and communities to create an environment conducive to continuous education. By fostering a culture of learning, society can better prepare individuals for the challenges of the future and ensure that everyone has the opportunity to thrive.
(Adapted from The Importance of Lifelong Learning by Knowles, Smith, Johnson, and others)
The word "enriching" in paragraph 3 is CLOSEST in meaning to ____.
Một khối khí lí tưởng xác định có thể tích bằng \(V_{0}\). Nếu giữ áp suất của khối khí đó không đổi và làm cho thể tích của khối khí tăng lên bằng \(2 V_{0}\) thì nhiệt độ tuyệt đối của khối khí.
Hình bên mô tả một dynamo gắn trên xe đạp và sơ đồ cấu tạo của nó. Khi xe đạp chạy, bánh xe làm cho núm dẫn động quay, kéo theo nam châm quay. Khi đó trong cuộn dây xuất hiện dòng điện, làm cho bóng đèn mắc nối tiếp với cuộn dây sáng lên.
Dynamo gắn trên xe đạp là một ứng dụng của:
Một đoạn dây dài 2,0 m mang dòng điện 0,60 A được đặt trong vùng từ trường đều có độ lớn cảm ứng từ là 0,50 T, theo phương song song với phương của cảm ứng từ. Lực từ tác dụng lên dây có độ lớn là:
Read the following passage about lifelong learning and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.
[I] Lifelong learning is the ongoing, voluntary, and self-motivated pursuit of knowledge for personal or professional development (Knowles, 2020). [II] This concept emphasizes that learning does not stop after formal education, but rather continues throughout an individual's life, adapting to changing circumstances and needs. [III] In today’s fast-paced world, where technology and job markets evolve rapidly, lifelong learning has become increasingly essential. [IV]
One of the primary benefits of lifelong learning is its ability to enhance employability. Individuals who engage in continuous education are more likely to keep their skills relevant and competitive in the job market. According to a report by the World Economic Forum (2021), over 50% of employees will need reskilling due to technological advancements in the coming years. Lifelong learners are better equipped to adapt to these changes, making them more attractive candidates for employers.
Moreover, lifelong learning contributes to personal fulfillment and mental well-being. Engaging in new learning experiences can stimulate the brain, foster creativity, and improve cognitive function. Research indicates that individuals who pursue learning opportunities throughout their lives tend to report higher levels of happiness and life satisfaction (Smith & Johnson, 2019). Whether it is taking a course, learning a new language, or picking up a new hobby, the process of acquiring knowledge can be enriching and enjoyable.
In addition, lifelong learning promotes social engagement and community involvement. Participating in educational programs or community workshops can foster connections with others who share similar interests. This social aspect of learning can enhance one's sense of belonging and support networks, which are crucial for mental health (Jones, 2022).
Overall, lifelong learning is not just an individual responsibility; it requires support from educational institutions, employers, and communities to create an environment conducive to continuous education. By fostering a culture of learning, society can better prepare individuals for the challenges of the future and ensure that everyone has the opportunity to thrive.
(Adapted from The Importance of Lifelong Learning by Knowles, Smith, Johnson, and others)
The word "it" in paragraph 5 refers to ____.
Một nồi áp suất có van xả tự động sẽ mở khi áp suất hơi trong nồi bằng 9 kPa . Ở \(21^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), hơi trong nồi có áp suất 2500 Pa . Van xả tự động mở khi nhiệt độ của hơi trong nồi bằng.
Read the following passage about lifelong learning and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.
[I] Lifelong learning is the ongoing, voluntary, and self-motivated pursuit of knowledge for personal or professional development (Knowles, 2020). [II] This concept emphasizes that learning does not stop after formal education, but rather continues throughout an individual's life, adapting to changing circumstances and needs. [III] In today’s fast-paced world, where technology and job markets evolve rapidly, lifelong learning has become increasingly essential. [IV]
One of the primary benefits of lifelong learning is its ability to enhance employability. Individuals who engage in continuous education are more likely to keep their skills relevant and competitive in the job market. According to a report by the World Economic Forum (2021), over 50% of employees will need reskilling due to technological advancements in the coming years. Lifelong learners are better equipped to adapt to these changes, making them more attractive candidates for employers.
Moreover, lifelong learning contributes to personal fulfillment and mental well-being. Engaging in new learning experiences can stimulate the brain, foster creativity, and improve cognitive function. Research indicates that individuals who pursue learning opportunities throughout their lives tend to report higher levels of happiness and life satisfaction (Smith & Johnson, 2019). Whether it is taking a course, learning a new language, or picking up a new hobby, the process of acquiring knowledge can be enriching and enjoyable.
In addition, lifelong learning promotes social engagement and community involvement. Participating in educational programs or community workshops can foster connections with others who share similar interests. This social aspect of learning can enhance one's sense of belonging and support networks, which are crucial for mental health (Jones, 2022).
Overall, lifelong learning is not just an individual responsibility; it requires support from educational institutions, employers, and communities to create an environment conducive to continuous education. By fostering a culture of learning, society can better prepare individuals for the challenges of the future and ensure that everyone has the opportunity to thrive.
(Adapted from The Importance of Lifelong Learning by Knowles, Smith, Johnson, and others)
Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
Trong một cuộc tập luyện chạy Marathon, người ta ước tính "nữ hoàng chân đất" Phạm Thị Bình của Việt Nam (hình bên) tiêu tốn khoảng \(E=2,52 \cdot 10^{6}\) calo (cal). Giả sử có \(40 \%\) năng lượng tiêu tốn được dùng cho vận động, phần năng lượng còn lại chuyển thành nhiệt thải ra ngoài nhờ sự bay hơi của nước qua hô hấp và da để giữ cho nhiệt độ cơ thể của cô không đổi. Coi nhiệt độ cơ thể của cô không đổi và nhiệt hoá hơi riêng của nước ở nhiệt độ của cơ thể của cô là \(L=2,4 \cdot 10^{6} \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{kg}\). Lấy \(1 \mathrm{cal}=4,18 \mathrm{~J}\). Khối lượng riêng của nước là \(D=1,0 \cdot 10^{3} \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\).
Hỏi có khoảng bao nhiêu lít nước đã thoát ra ngoài cơ thể của cô cho cuộc tập luyện này (làm tròn kết quả đến chữ số hàng phần trăm)?
Biển báo nào dưới đây cảnh báo nơi nguy hiểm về điện?
Cho các tia phóng xạ \(\alpha, \beta^{+}, \beta^{-}, \gamma\) đi vào một điện trường đều theo phương vuông góc với các đường sức. Tia không bị lệch hướng trong điện trường là
