Read the following passage about the urban shift and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. 

Pollution and Its Global Impact

[I] Pollution is one of the most pressing issues in the modern world, affecting not only the environment but also public health and global economies. [II] While urbanization and industrialization have brought significant progress, they have also introduced severe environmental challenges. [III] Reducing pollution requires a comprehensive approach that includes public awareness, technological innovation, and stricter environmental policies. [IV]

Air pollution is among the most widespread forms of environmental degradation. It stems from emissions by vehicles, factories, and deforestation, leading to harmful effects on both human health and the climate. According to the United Nations, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) causes millions of premature deaths annually. Water pollution, caused by untreated waste, agricultural runoff, and oil spills, destroys marine ecosystems and threatens human water supplies. Similarly, soil pollution—often overlooked—results from pesticides, heavy metals, and industrial waste, severely impacting agriculture and biodiversity.

While governments worldwide have implemented measures to combat pollution, individual action is equally essential. Reducing plastic consumption, opting for sustainable transportation, and recycling waste can significantly lessen environmental harm. Moreover, industries must adopt cleaner production methods, such as renewable energy and green technology. However, these solutions are effective only when paired with robust educational campaigns that encourage people to understand and address pollution’s consequences.

Despite these efforts, the problem persists, especially in developing nations, where economic constraints hinder environmental policies and waste management systems. At the same time, wealthier countries often export waste to poorer regions, exacerbating the issue. Experts stress that international cooperation is essential to tackle pollution on a global scale. Unless all nations contribute, the planet’s resources and ecosystems may face irreversible damage.

The word persists in the last paragraph is OPPOSITE in meaning to:

Read the following passage and choose the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

Smart cities are designed to make life easier and more efficient for people. In a smart city, technology plays a big role in managing important services. (24) __________, there are systems that control traffic lights to reduce traffic jams and help people get to their destinations faster. Public transportation, like buses and trains, runs on time because it uses data to plan the best routes. Energy is also saved by using smart streetlights that turn on and off automatically. (25) __________ important feature of smart cities is their focus on the environment. Many smart cities use renewable energy sources, like solar and wind power, to reduce pollution. Additionally, smart homes allow people to control devices like lights and heaters through apps on their phones. All of these features work together to create a city (26) __________ is safer, cleaner, and more comfortable to live in. By integrating these technologies, smart cities aim to create safer, greener, and more comfortable living environments. More cities are adopting these solutions to (27) __________ the growing needs of their populations and improve living standards. (28) __________ cities are moving toward this model to improve the quality of life for their citizens.

Read of the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Join Our Eco-Friendly Community

If you want to make a difference, join (7)_______community members dedicated to sustainability. Together, we can (8)_______ positive change in our environment. Our community focuses on the importance of (9)_______to reduce waste. Join us in our fight against climate change (10)_______ contribute to a healthier planet.

Participate in our (11)__________that teach sustainable living practices. Our mission is to educate members about the (12)_________of green energy solutions.

Join us today and be part of a movement that matters!

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 40.

Sustainable development has become a priority worldwide, as nations work to balance economic growth with environmental preservation. [I] Sustainable practices are critical to ensure that natural resources are conserved for future generations, while also meeting today’s economic needs. [II] Many countries have invested in green technologies to reduce carbon emissions and slow climate change.

[III] However, achieving sustainability involves more than just technology; it requires a collective shift in mindset towards reducing waste, reusing materials, and protecting biodiversity. [IV] According to the United Nations, sustainable development must incorporate social equity, economic progress, and environmental stewardship to be effective.

A key factor driving sustainability efforts is the awareness of limited resources. The earth’s resources, such as freshwater, fossil fuels, and fertile land, are finite, and overuse can lead to scarcity. In recent years, many nations have implemented regulations to control the extraction and consumption of resources, aiming to curb excessive demand and reduce environmental impact. For example, many cities have introduced restrictions on single-use plastics and have promoted recycling programs as a means to encourage responsible waste management.

While developing countries may prioritize industrial growth to boost economic development, developed nations often focus on reducing their carbon footprint and promoting eco-friendly policies. This disparity can lead to challenges in international relations, as countries negotiate agreements on emissions and resource use. Organizations like the United Nations work to bridge these gaps through global frameworks that encourage cooperation, but disparities in priorities and resources can hinder progress.

Increasing public awareness about environmental sustainability has been another critical component of these efforts. Through education and media campaigns, individuals are encouraged to adopt environmentally conscious practices, such as reducing energy consumption, using public transport, and supporting local economies. By making small adjustments in daily life, individuals contribute to broader global sustainability goals, ultimately promoting a healthier planet for future generations.

The word critical in paragraph 5 is OPPOSITE in meaning to _______ .

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of thefollowing questions from 13 to 17.

a. However, critics argue that while these efforts are commendable, they fall short of addressing the immediate needs of its growing population.

b. Greenview’s local government has recently implemented policies aimed at reducing its carbon footprint by 50% over the next decade.

c. Over the past five years, Greenview has also seen an increase in green spaces and public parks, promoting environmental sustainability.

d. The city’s focus on long-term environmental goals has led to significant changes in infrastructure and public awareness.

e. These policies have encouraged the use of renewable energy sources and stricter regulations on emissions from businesses.

Read the following passage about The Benefits of Outdoor Activities and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

Engaging in outdoor activities has become increasingly popular in recent years. Not only do these activities provide an escape from the daily grind of life, but they also offer numerous physical and mental health benefits. Hiking, cycling, and team sports are just a few examples of outdoor activities that can enhance well-being.

First and foremost, outdoor activities encourage physical fitness. Regular participation in activities like hiking or cycling helps individuals maintain a healthy weight and improve cardiovascular health. The fresh air and natural surroundings can make exercising feel less like a chore and more like an enjoyable experience. Furthermore, studies have shown that spending time in nature can reduce stress levels and promote a sense of tranquility.

In addition to physical benefits, outdoor activities foster social connections. Participating in team sports or group hikes allows individuals to meet new people and strengthen existing relationships. The shared experience of overcoming challenges together can build camaraderie and enhance teamwork skills.

However, some people might argue that outdoor activities are not accessible to everyone. For instance, individuals living in urban areas may find it difficult to access green spaces or safe paths for cycling. This raises the question of equity in accessing outdoor resources.

Despite these challenges, the advantages of engaging in outdoor activities far outweigh the drawbacks. Those who participate regularly often report feeling happier and more fulfilled. The sense of achievement that comes from completing a challenging hike or mastering a new cycling route can significantly boost self-esteem.

In conclusion, outdoor activities play a crucial role in promoting both physical health and social well-being. By stepping outside and embracing nature, individuals can improve their quality of life. As we continue to navigate the complexities of modern living, it is vital to prioritize these enriching experiences.

The word “encourage” in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by_________.

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12. 

JOIN OUR GREEN SUNDAY EVENT!

The School Media Club is excited to invite all students to participate in Green Sunday, an event dedicated to promoting environmental awareness and action. This special day will take place on Sunday, December 8, from 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM, at the schoolyard and surrounding community areas.

The event is open to all students, (7)______ you are eager to make a difference for the environment. We welcome (8)______ from all grade levels to join us in this meaningful activity.

During the event, students will (9)______various tasks such as planting trees, cleaning up public spaces, and spreading environmental messages. The activities are designed to suit (10)______level of experience, so don’t worry if it’s your first time volunteering!

Green Sunday is also a wonderful opportunity to foster (11)______among students from different classes. Let’s work closely with each (12)______to create a greener and cleaner community for everyone.

Sign up at the Media Club office before December 6. Let’s make this event a success together! 

Read the following passage about human life expectancy and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30. 

An engine is a machine that creates mechanical motion from energy. In order to do this, an engine frequently requires some type of fuel to burn. Nowadays, many engines are used to power cars and other forms of transportation. These vehicles most commonly have an internal combustion engine and rely upon gasoline for power. However, there are several types of engines that can use alternative energy sources. Many people are trying to switch to them because gasoline, which is a fossil fuel, creates pollution and is also a non-renewable resource.

These days, engines that are able to burn biofuels are somewhat common. Biofuels are fuels that are made from biological material, such as corn, soybeans, and sugarcane. These biofuels burn cleanly, so they produce much less pollution than fossil fuels. In some countries, such as Brazil, cars with biofuel engines are standard. In fact, most of the cars in Brazil have engines that can operate on either gasoline or biofuel.

A second type of alternative engine is the electric engine. Cars with electric engines have been common for decades. Most are being used in hybrid cars at the moment. These are vehicles that have both a gasoline-powered engine and an electric one. In many cases, the gasoline-powered engine is used to operate the car at high speeds on expressways. The electric engine is utilised for city driving. One benefit of hybrid cars is that as the gasoline-powered engine runs, it simultaneously recharges the electric engine.

A third type of alternative engine is the hydrogen engine. It utilises hydrogen fuel cells, which convert hydrogen into electricity that can power the car These days, there are many cars and buses that rely upon hydrogen engines. However, there are some problems associated with this type of engine. The hydrogen used in the engine must be processed from other materials, and it is also difficult to store. As a result, vehicles that run on hydrogen are expensive.

Alternative energy sources create less pollution and are often renewable sources of energy. It is hoped that more and more innovations help the use of alternative energy sources become easier and easier.

Which of the following is not mentioned in the text above as renewable energy?

Read the following passage and choose the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

Smart cities are designed to make life easier and more efficient for people. In a smart city, technology plays a big role in managing important services. (24) __________, there are systems that control traffic lights to reduce traffic jams and help people get to their destinations faster. Public transportation, like buses and trains, runs on time because it uses data to plan the best routes. Energy is also saved by using smart streetlights that turn on and off automatically. (25) __________ important feature of smart cities is their focus on the environment. Many smart cities use renewable energy sources, like solar and wind power, to reduce pollution. Additionally, smart homes allow people to control devices like lights and heaters through apps on their phones. All of these features work together to create a city (26) __________ is safer, cleaner, and more comfortable to live in. By integrating these technologies, smart cities aim to create safer, greener, and more comfortable living environments. More cities are adopting these solutions to (27) __________ the growing needs of their populations and improve living standards. (28) __________ cities are moving toward this model to improve the quality of life for their citizens.

Read of the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Join Our Eco-Friendly Community

If you want to make a difference, join (7)_______community members dedicated to sustainability. Together, we can (8)_______ positive change in our environment. Our community focuses on the importance of (9)_______to reduce waste. Join us in our fight against climate change (10)_______ contribute to a healthier planet.

Participate in our (11)__________that teach sustainable living practices. Our mission is to educate members about the (12)_________of green energy solutions.

Join us today and be part of a movement that matters!

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that bestfits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

TO LIVE SUSTAINABLY, START AT HOME!

Let’s discover how we can contribute to a more sustainable lifestyle in our everyday activities.

Facts and figures: In the past decade, (7) _______ people have begun to recognize the importance of sustainability. Yet, we still (8) _______ millions of tons of food waste each year. This not only affects our environment but also contributes to food scarcity.

Positive action!

Use less plastic! Whenever possible, opt for (9) _______ alternatives to plastic products. This small change can make a big difference.

Shop smart! (10) _______ buying unnecessary items, focus on what you really need. This will help decrease waste and save money.

Make the most of resources! Learn to (11) _______ things you might usually throw away. For instance, vegetable scraps can be used for broth.

Involve your community! Encourage (12) _______ to participate in local clean-up events to foster a collective effort for a cleaner environment.

Read the following advertisement and choose the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

Discover the Charm of Hanoi's Old Quarter!

Step back in time and explore the vibrant, (10) __________ streets of Hanoi's Old Quarter. Our exclusive guided tour will take you through hidden alleys, bustling markets, and centuries-old architecture so you can (11) __________ the true heart of Vietnam's capital.

Tour Highlights:

✔ Explore 36 Ancient Streets: Learn the stories behind each street and its traditional craft.

✔ Taste Authentic Street Food: Enjoy delicious pho, bun cha, and other local favorites at famous food stalls.

✔ Cycle Rickshaw Ride: Enjoy (12) __________ peaceful rickshaw ride through the Old Quarter's most iconic spots.

Contact us: +84 123 45 678

Book now and dive into the soul of Hanoi!

Read the following passage and choose the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

Urbanisation, which involves the movement of people from rural to urban areas, (16) __________. This has been happening quickly in recent years because people are looking for better jobs, healthcare, and education. Urbanisation has many benefits. Cities often have more job opportunities, which can help people earn more money. They also usually have better transportation, sanitation, and public services, (17) __________ for residents.

However, there are also challenges. Rapid growth can lead to overcrowding, which makes it hard to find enough housing and puts pressure on public services. (18) __________ in some areas. Additionally, more people in cities can lead to more pollution and use up natural resources more quickly. Urban areas might also struggle with traffic congestion, higher crime rates, and (19) __________.

In summary, while urbanisation can bring economic growth and better living conditions, (20) __________ to avoid problems like overcrowding and pollution. Sustainable development, which considers (21) __________, is key to making sure cities grow in a way that benefits everyone.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

[I] Green living, often referred to as sustainable living, encourages individuals to adopt environmentally friendly practices in their daily lives. [II] This lifestyle includes reducing waste, conserving natural resources, and promoting eco-friendly habits, which collectively help to minimize the negative impact on the environment (Davies & Mulligan, 2017). [III] Although green living requires effort and adjustment, its benefits for the planet and future generations are substantial. [IV]

One of the fundamental aspects of green living is waste reduction. This can be achieved through practices like recycling, composting, and reducing single-use plastics. According to a report by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), recycling and composting can significantly decrease the amount of waste sent to landfills, which helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and pollution (EPA, 2021). Additionally, adopting reusable items such as water bottles and shopping bags minimizes reliance on plastic, which is crucial for protecting ecosystems and wildlife.

Another key component of green living is energy conservation. Simple changes, like switching to LED light bulbs and using public transportation, can reduce an individual's carbon footprint. A study by the International Energy Agency (IEA) shows that energy efficiency improvements, if widely implemented, could decrease global energy demand by up to 40% by 2050 (IEA, 2019). By conserving energy, individuals not only lower their utility bills but also contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions, which is essential for mitigating climate change.

Green living also involves making conscious choices about the products we consume. This includes opting for sustainably sourced goods, supporting local businesses, and choosing organic produce. Sustainable agriculture practices reduce the need for chemical pesticides and fertilizers, which can harm both the soil and water sources (Smith & Taylor, 2020). By making informed purchases, consumers can support eco-friendly industries and help create a demand for greener alternatives.

According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a way to reduce waste?

Read the following passage and choose the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

Smart cities are designed to make life easier and more efficient for people. In a smart city, technology plays a big role in managing important services. (24) __________, there are systems that control traffic lights to reduce traffic jams and help people get to their destinations faster. Public transportation, like buses and trains, runs on time because it uses data to plan the best routes. Energy is also saved by using smart streetlights that turn on and off automatically. (25) __________ important feature of smart cities is their focus on the environment. Many smart cities use renewable energy sources, like solar and wind power, to reduce pollution. Additionally, smart homes allow people to control devices like lights and heaters through apps on their phones. All of these features work together to create a city (26) __________ is safer, cleaner, and more comfortable to live in. By integrating these technologies, smart cities aim to create safer, greener, and more comfortable living environments. More cities are adopting these solutions to (27) __________ the growing needs of their populations and improve living standards. (28) __________ cities are moving toward this model to improve the quality of life for their citizens.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17.

a. Jamie: Yeah, I saw the flyer! It’s focused on sustainable living, right?

b. Alex: Hey Jamie, have you heard about the community event this Saturday?

c. Alex: Exactly! They’re having workshops on recycling and reducing waste.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 40.

Sustainable development has become a priority worldwide, as nations work to balance economic growth with environmental preservation. [I] Sustainable practices are critical to ensure that natural resources are conserved for future generations, while also meeting today’s economic needs. [II] Many countries have invested in green technologies to reduce carbon emissions and slow climate change.

[III] However, achieving sustainability involves more than just technology; it requires a collective shift in mindset towards reducing waste, reusing materials, and protecting biodiversity. [IV] According to the United Nations, sustainable development must incorporate social equity, economic progress, and environmental stewardship to be effective.

A key factor driving sustainability efforts is the awareness of limited resources. The earth’s resources, such as freshwater, fossil fuels, and fertile land, are finite, and overuse can lead to scarcity. In recent years, many nations have implemented regulations to control the extraction and consumption of resources, aiming to curb excessive demand and reduce environmental impact. For example, many cities have introduced restrictions on single-use plastics and have promoted recycling programs as a means to encourage responsible waste management.

While developing countries may prioritize industrial growth to boost economic development, developed nations often focus on reducing their carbon footprint and promoting eco-friendly policies. This disparity can lead to challenges in international relations, as countries negotiate agreements on emissions and resource use. Organizations like the United Nations work to bridge these gaps through global frameworks that encourage cooperation, but disparities in priorities and resources can hinder progress.

Increasing public awareness about environmental sustainability has been another critical component of these efforts. Through education and media campaigns, individuals are encouraged to adopt environmentally conscious practices, such as reducing energy consumption, using public transport, and supporting local economies. By making small adjustments in daily life, individuals contribute to broader global sustainability goals, ultimately promoting a healthier planet for future generations.

Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3?

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

VOLUNTEERS FOR GREEN CAMPAIGN

Our club would like to recruit ___(7)___ for our Green Campaign.

Are you ___(8)___ 15 years old? And do you really wish ___(9)___ a difference?

Please volunteer for our Green Lifestyle initiative, ___(10)___ clean up our communities and nurture disadvantaged children.

Make an impact, one action at a time!

Embrace a fulfilling experience that not only cares for the environment but also ___(11)___ the lives of those in need.

Together, let's create a sustainable future and spread kindness.

___(12)___ interested in our campaign, please sign up!

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12. 

JOIN OUR GREEN SUNDAY EVENT!

The School Media Club is excited to invite all students to participate in Green Sunday, an event dedicated to promoting environmental awareness and action. This special day will take place on Sunday, December 8, from 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM, at the schoolyard and surrounding community areas.

The event is open to all students, (7)______ you are eager to make a difference for the environment. We welcome (8)______ from all grade levels to join us in this meaningful activity.

During the event, students will (9)______various tasks such as planting trees, cleaning up public spaces, and spreading environmental messages. The activities are designed to suit (10)______level of experience, so don’t worry if it’s your first time volunteering!

Green Sunday is also a wonderful opportunity to foster (11)______among students from different classes. Let’s work closely with each (12)______to create a greener and cleaner community for everyone.

Sign up at the Media Club office before December 6. Let’s make this event a success together! 

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

To Save the Planet, Begin at Home!

Let's look at what we can do at home each day to save the planet.

Facts and figures:

-  Farming with synthetic chemicals has killed insects and (7) __________ animals. Meanwhile, we (8) __________ 80 million cans each day and 45,000 tonnes of plastic packaging each year. These kill up to one million seabirds a year.

Positive action!

-  Buy and consume fresh, organic food and drinks, especially things produced locally. This reduces the need for long-distance food (9) __________.

-  Don't always buy food that comes in cans or plastic packaging. (10) __________ buying a pre-packaged sandwich, make your own! That helps reduce the (11) __________ of rubbish you produce.

-  Reuse packaging where possible. Separate paper, plastic, and metal (12) __________ and recycle them.

(Adapted from Move on)

Question 9: This reduces the need for long-distance food (9) __________.