Read the following passage and choose the best answers to the questions.

Conservation conflicts arise when natural-resource shortages develop in the face of steadily increasing demands from a growing human population. Controversy frequently surrounds how a resource should be used, or allocated, and for whom. For example, a river may supply water for agricultural irrigation, habitat for fish, and water-generated electricity for a factory. Farmers, fishers, and industry leader vie for unrestricted access  to this river, but such freedom could destroy the resource, and conservation methods are necessary to protect the river for future use.

Conflicts worsen when a natural resource crosses political boundaries. For example, the headwaters, or source, of a major river may be located in a different country than the country through which the river flows. There is no guarantee that the river source will be protected to accommodate resource needs downstream. In addition, the way in which one natural resource is managed has a direct effect upon other natural resources. Cutting down a forest near a river, for instance, increases erosion, the wearing away of topsoil, and can lead to flooding. Eroded soil and silt cloud the river and adversely affect many organisms such as fish and important aquatic plants that require clean, clear freshwater for survival.

 

When do conflicts get worse ?

Choose the underlined part that needs correcting.

The anti-smoking campaign has had a positive impact with young people.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

1. Soil pollution is becoming an increasingly serious problem around the world. According to a recent UN report, the world's soils, which provide 95% of humanity's food, are facing great pressure. Industrial activities, mining, farming, and poor waste management are all contributing to soil contamination. As soil pollution increases, the health of the planet, along with the food we depend on, is at risk.

2. Soils play a vital role in supporting life on Earth. They support the growth of plants, which are the basis for our food supply. Moreover, soils are the second largest active store of carbon, after the oceans, and play a critical role in regulating the Earth's climate. They also support various ecosystems and wildlife and help to maintain biodiversity. Without healthy soils, our food production, water supply, and air quality would be negatively affected.

3. There are various factors that lead to soil pollution. Industrial pollution, mining, and farming practices are major contributors, along with poor waste management. Chemicals such as metals, pesticides, and plastics contaminate the soil, making it unsafe for food production and harming wildlife. Other pollutants, like pharmaceuticals and plastics, are adding to the problem.

4. Addressing this issue requires immediate action. The UN calls for governments, businesses, and people to work together to reduce pollution. This means using fewer harmful chemicals, supporting research to find solutions, and using better farming practices. Everyone needs to play their part to protect the soil. If we don't act now, soil pollution will keep getting worse, affecting our health, food, and the environment.

Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?

Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others.

Choose the word whose stress is placed differently from that of the others.

Read the following leaflet/notice and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

NOTICE TO RESIDENTS: NEW RECYCLING BINS

Dear Residents,

We are excited to inform you that new recycling bins have been installed in our community to improve waste (7) __________ and create a cleaner environment for everyone.

The bins are now in these categories:

- Recyclables – Use this bin for paper, cardboard, plastics, and glass bottles, (8) __________ can be recycled to help reduce waste.

- Organic Waste – This bin is for (9) __________ like food scraps and yard waste. These will be turned into (10) __________ and used to enrich the soil in our community garden.

- General Waste – Use this bin for items that cannot be recycled or composted, like broken or dirty packaging.

❗Please remember:

- Do NOT place recyclables in the recycling bins (11) __________ they are properly cleaned.

- All recyclables (12) __________ before being placed in the bins to avoid contamination.

Thank you for helping us reduce waste and protect the planet!

Answer the questions and choose the best answer:

Bad weather

Lisa

I live in the north of Finland. We’re used to snow there, but one year we had a very bad snowstorm. When we woke up one morning the snow was nearly as high as the house. It covered our car and our garden, and we couldn’t open our front door. We didn’t have any electricity, and it was dark and cold. Luckily, we were prepared, and we had a radio with batteries, a torch and warm clothes. For me it was like an adventure, but my mum and dad were very worried.

Hannah

My family and I often go sailing, but last summer we had a bad experience. The day began well. It was a hot and sunny so we decided to take the boat out. An hour later the weather changed very suddenly. The wind became stronger, clouds covered the sun, it started to rain and the sea became very rough. I thought we were going to die. Luckily, after a few hours the storm passed, but it was the scariest day of my life.

Paula

My village is near the sea, and a few winters ago something very strange happened. The wind became very strong and big waves started crashing over the harbour edge onto the road. Overnight, the temperature dropped so low that the seawater turned into ice. The next day the sea looked like a giant ice rink. There was also ice on the roads and the cars. Luckily nobody was hurt, but it was the strangest weather I’ve ever experienced.

Who says that she couldn’t leave her house because of the bad weather?

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

1. Soil pollution is becoming an increasingly serious problem around the world. According to a recent UN report, the world's soils, which provide 95% of humanity's food, are facing great pressure. Industrial activities, mining, farming, and poor waste management are all contributing to soil contamination. As soil pollution increases, the health of the planet, along with the food we depend on, is at risk.

2. Soils play a vital role in supporting life on Earth. They support the growth of plants, which are the basis for our food supply. Moreover, soils are the second largest active store of carbon, after the oceans, and play a critical role in regulating the Earth's climate. They also support various ecosystems and wildlife and help to maintain biodiversity. Without healthy soils, our food production, water supply, and air quality would be negatively affected.

3. There are various factors that lead to soil pollution. Industrial pollution, mining, and farming practices are major contributors, along with poor waste management. Chemicals such as metals, pesticides, and plastics contaminate the soil, making it unsafe for food production and harming wildlife. Other pollutants, like pharmaceuticals and plastics, are adding to the problem.

4. Addressing this issue requires immediate action. The UN calls for governments, businesses, and people to work together to reduce pollution. This means using fewer harmful chemicals, supporting research to find solutions, and using better farming practices. Everyone needs to play their part to protect the soil. If we don't act now, soil pollution will keep getting worse, affecting our health, food, and the environment.

The word vital in paragraph 2 is OPPOSITE in meaning to __________.

Find the word with a different sound in the underlined part: issue, mission, season, slingshot

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

1. Soil pollution is becoming an increasingly serious problem around the world. According to a recent UN report, the world's soils, which provide 95% of humanity's food, are facing great pressure. Industrial activities, mining, farming, and poor waste management are all contributing to soil contamination. As soil pollution increases, the health of the planet, along with the food we depend on, is at risk.

2. Soils play a vital role in supporting life on Earth. They support the growth of plants, which are the basis for our food supply. Moreover, soils are the second largest active store of carbon, after the oceans, and play a critical role in regulating the Earth's climate. They also support various ecosystems and wildlife and help to maintain biodiversity. Without healthy soils, our food production, water supply, and air quality would be negatively affected.

3. There are various factors that lead to soil pollution. Industrial pollution, mining, and farming practices are major contributors, along with poor waste management. Chemicals such as metals, pesticides, and plastics contaminate the soil, making it unsafe for food production and harming wildlife. Other pollutants, like pharmaceuticals and plastics, are adding to the problem.

4. Addressing this issue requires immediate action. The UN calls for governments, businesses, and people to work together to reduce pollution. This means using fewer harmful chemicals, supporting research to find solutions, and using better farming practices. Everyone needs to play their part to protect the soil. If we don't act now, soil pollution will keep getting worse, affecting our health, food, and the environment.

In which paragraph does the writer give an explanation by mentioning a report?

Read the following passage and choose the best answers to the questions.

Conservation conflicts arise when natural-resource shortages develop in the face of steadily increasing demands from a growing human population. Controversy frequently surrounds how a resource should be used, or allocated, and for whom. For example, a river may supply water for agricultural irrigation, habitat for fish, and water-generated electricity for a factory. Farmers, fishers, and industry leader vie for unrestricted access  to this river, but such freedom could destroy the resource, and conservation methods are necessary to protect the river for future use.

Conflicts worsen when a natural resource crosses political boundaries. For example, the headwaters, or source, of a major river may be located in a different country than the country through which the river flows. There is no guarantee that the river source will be protected to accommodate resource needs downstream. In addition, the way in which one natural resource is managed has a direct effect upon other natural resources. Cutting down a forest near a river, for instance, increases erosion, the wearing away of topsoil, and can lead to flooding. Eroded soil and silt cloud the river and adversely affect many organisms such as fish and important aquatic plants that require clean, clear freshwater for survival.

Which sentence below is NOT correct?

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

1. Packing school lunches is a daily task for many parents, but it also has a significant impact on the environment. The typical lunchbox often contains plastic wrap, disposable juice boxes, snack bags, and individually wrapped items. These materials are detrimental to the environment, as they take hundreds of years to break down. Much of this waste ends up in landfills or, worse, in oceans, where it poses a serious threat to wildlife. With so many children bringing lunch to school every day, the waste from plastic and packaging adds up quickly.

2. [I] Food waste is another major issue linked to school lunches. [II] Often, parents over-pack lunchboxes in an effort to ensure their children have enough food. [III] However, this leads to uneaten food being discarded, contributing to food waste and unnecessary packaging waste. Discarded food in landfills decomposes and releases methane, a harmful greenhouse gas, further damaging the environment. [IV]

3. To tackle these problems, there are simple changes that can help reduce both food and packaging waste. Using reusable containers instead of single-use plastics eliminates the need for plastic wrap. Another important step is involving children in meal planning and packing. By teaching them about portion sizes and helping them choose foods they enjoy and are likely to eat, parents can reduce the amount of uneaten food that gets thrown away. Choosing fresh, unprocessed foods, which usually require less packaging, is another way to make lunchboxes more eco-friendly.

4. Ultimately, small changes in how we pack school lunches can make a big difference in reducing waste and protecting the environment. By being more conscious of our choices, we can help ensure a healthier planet for future generations.

Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

1. Packing school lunches is a daily task for many parents, but it also has a significant impact on the environment. The typical lunchbox often contains plastic wrap, disposable juice boxes, snack bags, and individually wrapped items. These materials are detrimental to the environment, as they take hundreds of years to break down. Much of this waste ends up in landfills or, worse, in oceans, where it poses a serious threat to wildlife. With so many children bringing lunch to school every day, the waste from plastic and packaging adds up quickly.

2. [I] Food waste is another major issue linked to school lunches. [II] Often, parents over-pack lunchboxes in an effort to ensure their children have enough food. [III] However, this leads to uneaten food being discarded, contributing to food waste and unnecessary packaging waste. Discarded food in landfills decomposes and releases methane, a harmful greenhouse gas, further damaging the environment. [IV]

3. To tackle these problems, there are simple changes that can help reduce both food and packaging waste. Using reusable containers instead of single-use plastics eliminates the need for plastic wrap. Another important step is involving children in meal planning and packing. By teaching them about portion sizes and helping them choose foods they enjoy and are likely to eat, parents can reduce the amount of uneaten food that gets thrown away. Choosing fresh, unprocessed foods, which usually require less packaging, is another way to make lunchboxes more eco-friendly.

4. Ultimately, small changes in how we pack school lunches can make a big difference in reducing waste and protecting the environment. By being more conscious of our choices, we can help ensure a healthier planet for future generations.

The word they in paragraph 3 refers to __________.

Read the following leaflet/notice and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

FIELD TRIP REMINDER

Dear Students,

As we prepare (7) __________ our field trip next week, please keep these guidelines in mind to help protect wildlife and ensure an enjoyable experience.

Before the Trip:

- Prepare for the Outdoors: Wear appropriate clothing and shoes for walking. Bring a water bottle, but avoid single-use plastic.

- Pack Light: Carry only what's necessary, as too (8) __________ items can create unnecessary waste.

During the Trip:

- Be Mindful of Your Impact: Keep a safe distance from wildlife and avoid (9) __________ loud noises that could scare them.

- Leave No Trace: Anything you bring with you (10) __________ - do not leave anything behind.

- Take Photos, Not Things: It's wonderful to capture moments with your camera, (11) __________ never take plants, rocks, or other natural (12) __________.

Let's work together to ensure the protection of wildlife and the environment. Enjoy the trip and remember that we are guests in nature!

Thank you!

Choose the word whose stress is placed differently from that of the others.

Read the following leaflet/notice and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

FIELD TRIP REMINDER

Dear Students,

As we prepare (7) __________ our field trip next week, please keep these guidelines in mind to help protect wildlife and ensure an enjoyable experience.

Before the Trip:

- Prepare for the Outdoors: Wear appropriate clothing and shoes for walking. Bring a water bottle, but avoid single-use plastic.

- Pack Light: Carry only what's necessary, as too (8) __________ items can create unnecessary waste.

During the Trip:

- Be Mindful of Your Impact: Keep a safe distance from wildlife and avoid (9) __________ loud noises that could scare them.

- Leave No Trace: Anything you bring with you (10) __________ - do not leave anything behind.

- Take Photos, Not Things: It's wonderful to capture moments with your camera, (11) __________ never take plants, rocks, or other natural (12) __________.

Let's work together to ensure the protection of wildlife and the environment. Enjoy the trip and remember that we are guests in nature!

Thank you!

Word formation. Do not capitalize answers.

All fossil fuels are ___ resources that cannot be replaced after use. (RENEW)

Read the following leaflet/notice and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

NOTICE TO RESIDENTS: NEW RECYCLING BINS

Dear Residents,

We are excited to inform you that new recycling bins have been installed in our community to improve waste (7) __________ and create a cleaner environment for everyone.

The bins are now in these categories:

- Recyclables – Use this bin for paper, cardboard, plastics, and glass bottles, (8) __________ can be recycled to help reduce waste.

- Organic Waste – This bin is for (9) __________ like food scraps and yard waste. These will be turned into (10) __________ and used to enrich the soil in our community garden.

- General Waste – Use this bin for items that cannot be recycled or composted, like broken or dirty packaging.

❗Please remember:

- Do NOT place recyclables in the recycling bins (11) __________ they are properly cleaned.

- All recyclables (12) __________ before being placed in the bins to avoid contamination.

Thank you for helping us reduce waste and protect the planet!

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

1. Packing school lunches is a daily task for many parents, but it also has a significant impact on the environment. The typical lunchbox often contains plastic wrap, disposable juice boxes, snack bags, and individually wrapped items. These materials are detrimental to the environment, as they take hundreds of years to break down. Much of this waste ends up in landfills or, worse, in oceans, where it poses a serious threat to wildlife. With so many children bringing lunch to school every day, the waste from plastic and packaging adds up quickly.

2. [I] Food waste is another major issue linked to school lunches. [II] Often, parents over-pack lunchboxes in an effort to ensure their children have enough food. [III] However, this leads to uneaten food being discarded, contributing to food waste and unnecessary packaging waste. Discarded food in landfills decomposes and releases methane, a harmful greenhouse gas, further damaging the environment. [IV]

3. To tackle these problems, there are simple changes that can help reduce both food and packaging waste. Using reusable containers instead of single-use plastics eliminates the need for plastic wrap. Another important step is involving children in meal planning and packing. By teaching them about portion sizes and helping them choose foods they enjoy and are likely to eat, parents can reduce the amount of uneaten food that gets thrown away. Choosing fresh, unprocessed foods, which usually require less packaging, is another way to make lunchboxes more eco-friendly.

4. Ultimately, small changes in how we pack school lunches can make a big difference in reducing waste and protecting the environment. By being more conscious of our choices, we can help ensure a healthier planet for future generations.

Which of the following best summarises paragraph 1?

Read the following leaflet/notice and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

FIELD TRIP REMINDER

Dear Students,

As we prepare (7) __________ our field trip next week, please keep these guidelines in mind to help protect wildlife and ensure an enjoyable experience.

Before the Trip:

- Prepare for the Outdoors: Wear appropriate clothing and shoes for walking. Bring a water bottle, but avoid single-use plastic.

- Pack Light: Carry only what's necessary, as too (8) __________ items can create unnecessary waste.

During the Trip:

- Be Mindful of Your Impact: Keep a safe distance from wildlife and avoid (9) __________ loud noises that could scare them.

- Leave No Trace: Anything you bring with you (10) __________ - do not leave anything behind.

- Take Photos, Not Things: It's wonderful to capture moments with your camera, (11) __________ never take plants, rocks, or other natural (12) __________.

Let's work together to ensure the protection of wildlife and the environment. Enjoy the trip and remember that we are guests in nature!

Thank you!

Choose the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s): The soil was so badly eroded it could no longer sustain crop production.