Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

1. Wetlands are among the most productive ecosystems in the world, comparable to rain forests and coral reefs. These areas support a wide variety of species, including microbes, plants, insects, birds, fish, and mammals. Factors such as climate, landscape, geology, and water availability determine the types of plants and animals that live in wetlands. The relationships among these organisms create complex food webs, where each species plays a role in maintaining the ecosystem.

2. [I] Wetlands are often called "biological supermarkets" because they produce large amounts of food that attract many species. [II] Dead plant material, known as "detritus," enriches the water and provides nutrients for small aquatic insects, shellfish, and fish. [III] Many animals rely on wetlands for food, water, and shelter, especially during migration and breeding. [IV]

3. The ecological role of wetlands is closely linked to their surrounding watersheds. A watershed is an area where water flows to a common outlet, such as a river or lake. Wetlands are essential for maintaining the health of watersheds as they provide shallow water, high nutrient levels, and support organisms at the base of the food web. These ecosystems are integral to many species of fish, shellfish, and insects.

4. In addition to their ecological benefits, wetlands contribute to global environmental processes. They store carbon in their plants and soil, reducing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and helping to regulate the global climate. Wetlands are also involved in natural water, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles.

5. Humans benefit significantly from wetlands. They provide resources like fish, shellfish, timber, berries, and medicines. Wetlands also protect against floods, improve water quality, prevent shoreline erosion, and offer recreational opportunities. Far from being unimportant, wetlands provide unique environmental and human benefits.

 

Which of the following best summarises the passage?

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Because of the global warming, we should ______ on our energy use.

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

How the Generation Gap Plays Out in the Workplace

As a recruiter, I am in constant communication with executive clients and HR colleagues. I regularly (7) ________ on candidates I’ve placed, to see how they are getting on in their new roles. Here are some of the important generational differences I see that can lead to potential (8) ________ if not properly understood: 

Communication styles

• The young generation is more (9) ________, quick to offer constructive criticism, individualistic, with a more casual approach.

• Gen X values hard work and long hours, a/k/a ‘The Grind’ – they are more skeptical, formal, and uncompromising.

Leadership styles

• The young generation is extremely open-mindeD. They resist micromanagement, and resent pressure. (10) ________ factor that sets them apart is their emphasis on work-life balance.

• (11) ________, their Generation X supervisors, on the other hand, are intensely focussed on the organisational processes that brought the company success; they tend to prioritise (12) ________ and the bottom line.

Read the following advertisement and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

STEP INTO NATURE WITH TCV URBAN ECOLOGY – MAKE A REAL DIFFERENCE!

Join TCV Urban Ecology and help transform urban spaces into beautiful, green environments! We offer weekly volunteer days where you can work alongside (1) __________ to care for woodlands, ponds, marshes, and meadows.

We offer flexible volunteer days throughout the week, (2) __________ you to join whenever it fits into your schedule. No experience? No problem – we provide all the training and tools you need. You'll work alongside a team of (3) __________ individuals, learning new skills and creating meaningful connections.

Volunteering with us is (4) __________ great for the planet but also fantastic for your health and personal growth. You can give as much time as you want, and if you're looking for something longer, we (5) __________ more opportunities like becoming a TCV Volunteer Officer or joining special events.

(6) __________ involved today, and be part of something special with TCV Urban Ecology!

Read the following advertisement and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

STEP INTO NATURE WITH TCV URBAN ECOLOGY – MAKE A REAL DIFFERENCE!

Join TCV Urban Ecology and help transform urban spaces into beautiful, green environments! We offer weekly volunteer days where you can work alongside (1) __________ to care for woodlands, ponds, marshes, and meadows.

We offer flexible volunteer days throughout the week, (2) __________ you to join whenever it fits into your schedule. No experience? No problem – we provide all the training and tools you need. You'll work alongside a team of (3) __________ individuals, learning new skills and creating meaningful connections.

Volunteering with us is (4) __________ great for the planet but also fantastic for your health and personal growth. You can give as much time as you want, and if you're looking for something longer, we (5) __________ more opportunities like becoming a TCV Volunteer Officer or joining special events.

(6) __________ involved today, and be part of something special with TCV Urban Ecology!

Read the following advertisement and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

STEP INTO NATURE WITH TCV URBAN ECOLOGY – MAKE A REAL DIFFERENCE!

Join TCV Urban Ecology and help transform urban spaces into beautiful, green environments! We offer weekly volunteer days where you can work alongside (1) __________ to care for woodlands, ponds, marshes, and meadows.

We offer flexible volunteer days throughout the week, (2) __________ you to join whenever it fits into your schedule. No experience? No problem – we provide all the training and tools you need. You'll work alongside a team of (3) __________ individuals, learning new skills and creating meaningful connections.

Volunteering with us is (4) __________ great for the planet but also fantastic for your health and personal growth. You can give as much time as you want, and if you're looking for something longer, we (5) __________ more opportunities like becoming a TCV Volunteer Officer or joining special events.

(6) __________ involved today, and be part of something special with TCV Urban Ecology!

Read the following advertisement and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

STEP INTO NATURE WITH TCV URBAN ECOLOGY – MAKE A REAL DIFFERENCE!

Join TCV Urban Ecology and help transform urban spaces into beautiful, green environments! We offer weekly volunteer days where you can work alongside (1) __________ to care for woodlands, ponds, marshes, and meadows.

We offer flexible volunteer days throughout the week, (2) __________ you to join whenever it fits into your schedule. No experience? No problem – we provide all the training and tools you need. You'll work alongside a team of (3) __________ individuals, learning new skills and creating meaningful connections.

Volunteering with us is (4) __________ great for the planet but also fantastic for your health and personal growth. You can give as much time as you want, and if you're looking for something longer, we (5) __________ more opportunities like becoming a TCV Volunteer Officer or joining special events.

(6) __________ involved today, and be part of something special with TCV Urban Ecology!

Read the following passage and choose the correct answer that best fits each of the following blanks.

Scientists from the State University of New York recently conducted a test that found tiny pieces of plastic in bottled water. (28)_________ examined 250 bottles from nine countries and discovered that more than 90% of them (29)_________ microplastic particles. Sometimes, thousands of these tiny plastic pieces were in a liter of water. Only 17 bottles were plastic-free, with an average of ten plastic particles per liter.

The companies responsible for bottled water claim that their production (30)_________ the highest quality standards. However, scientists and doctors express concerns, even though there is no proof that the smallest plastic particles can harm the body. Most of the plastic is turned into waste and leaves the body through feces.

Apart from bottled water, plastic particles (31)_________ in beer, tap water, seafood, and even in the air. Bottled water is currently the fastest-growing beverage globally, with around $150 billion worth sold worldwide. It is essential for millions of people (32)_________ lack access to safe drinking water.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the  correct answer to each of the questions

Climate changes are one of the most intuitive changes in global warming. As a result of a large amount of carbon dioxide emissions, there is a sharp rise in high-temperature weather, which has an irreversible impact on our environment and ecology. Scientists say, “Changing weather patterns linked to rising global temperatures have resulted in a dearth of wind across northern China, according to several recent studies, exacerbating a wave of severe pollution that has been blamed for millions of premature deaths”. However, when I returned home last Christmas, there was no snow on the street, instead, it was a warm winter with sunshine. The continued of global warming may not only bring about changes in climate. The world may undergo more unpredictable changes due to global warming in the future.

Global climate change has seriously affected the living environment of animals, the change of climate, the quality of human life, and the threat to human security. Global warming has become a very difficult trend to reverse. It and rising temperatures have caused very serious consequences for human beings, brought great impact on the Earth’s organisms and seriously affected people’s lives, but people didn’t realize the seriousness of the problem. It is urgent to protect the environment and people should take active measures to deal with it.

According to recent studies, millions of premature deaths are caused by _______.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

1. [I] All living organisms on Earth need water to survive, but more than 100,000 species, including humans, require a special type of water called fresh water, which is found in limited amounts. [II] Freshwater ecosystems are made up of various plants, animals, microbes, soil, rocks, sunlight, and water that all interact around this valuable resource. [IV] Less than three percent of the Earth's total water is freshwater, and less than half of that is in liquid form. [IV]

2. Freshwater ecosystems naturally share resources between different habitats. For instance, rivers and streams transport salts and nutrients from higher elevations like mountains to lower areas, such as lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Eventually, these nutrients reach the ocean. These waterways also enable migrating species, such as salmon, to carry nutrients from the ocean back to freshwater ecosystems, providing essential support for these habitats upstream.

3. Lakes and ponds also undergo nutrient exchanges through seasonal cycles. Cold water, which is denser than warm water, sinks to the bottom, maintaining a more constant temperature. As winter arrives and the air temperature drops, the surface water becomes colder than the water at the bottom, causing it to sink and push the warmer water up. This process repeats in the spring when the ice melts, bringing nutrients from the lake's bottom to the surface, where they can be utilized by plants and animals.

4. It is normal for ecosystems to encounter change. Temperatures may fluctuate, populations may rise and fall, and rain may bring an abundance of water, then taper during drought. The plants, animals, and microbes in healthy freshwater ecosystems are resilient and have adaptations that allow them to adjust appropriately until ideal conditions resume. However, if any element of the ecosystem varies too far outside of the norm, the balance of the whole system can start to fail.

The word fluctuate in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to __________.

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

How the Generation Gap Plays Out in the Workplace

As a recruiter, I am in constant communication with executive clients and HR colleagues. I regularly (7) ________ on candidates I’ve placed, to see how they are getting on in their new roles. Here are some of the important generational differences I see that can lead to potential (8) ________ if not properly understood: 

Communication styles

• The young generation is more (9) ________, quick to offer constructive criticism, individualistic, with a more casual approach.

• Gen X values hard work and long hours, a/k/a ‘The Grind’ – they are more skeptical, formal, and uncompromising.

Leadership styles

• The young generation is extremely open-mindeD. They resist micromanagement, and resent pressure. (10) ________ factor that sets them apart is their emphasis on work-life balance.

• (11) ________, their Generation X supervisors, on the other hand, are intensely focussed on the organisational processes that brought the company success; they tend to prioritise (12) ________ and the bottom line.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

1. Wetlands are among the most productive ecosystems in the world, comparable to rain forests and coral reefs. These areas support a wide variety of species, including microbes, plants, insects, birds, fish, and mammals. Factors such as climate, landscape, geology, and water availability determine the types of plants and animals that live in wetlands. The relationships among these organisms create complex food webs, where each species plays a role in maintaining the ecosystem.

2. [I] Wetlands are often called "biological supermarkets" because they produce large amounts of food that attract many species. [II] Dead plant material, known as "detritus," enriches the water and provides nutrients for small aquatic insects, shellfish, and fish. [III] Many animals rely on wetlands for food, water, and shelter, especially during migration and breeding. [IV]

3. The ecological role of wetlands is closely linked to their surrounding watersheds. A watershed is an area where water flows to a common outlet, such as a river or lake. Wetlands are essential for maintaining the health of watersheds as they provide shallow water, high nutrient levels, and support organisms at the base of the food web. These ecosystems are integral to many species of fish, shellfish, and insects.

4. In addition to their ecological benefits, wetlands contribute to global environmental processes. They store carbon in their plants and soil, reducing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and helping to regulate the global climate. Wetlands are also involved in natural water, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles.

5. Humans benefit significantly from wetlands. They provide resources like fish, shellfish, timber, berries, and medicines. Wetlands also protect against floods, improve water quality, prevent shoreline erosion, and offer recreational opportunities. Far from being unimportant, wetlands provide unique environmental and human benefits.

The word determine in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by __________.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the  correct answer to each of the questions

Climate changes are one of the most intuitive changes in global warming. As a result of a large amount of carbon dioxide emissions, there is a sharp rise in high-temperature weather, which has an irreversible impact on our environment and ecology. Scientists say, “Changing weather patterns linked to rising global temperatures have resulted in a dearth of wind across northern China, according to several recent studies, exacerbating a wave of severe pollution that has been blamed for millions of premature deaths”. However, when I returned home last Christmas, there was no snow on the street, instead, it was a warm winter with sunshine. The continued of global warming may not only bring about changes in climate. The world may undergo more unpredictable changes due to global warming in the future.

Global climate change has seriously affected the living environment of animals, the change of climate, the quality of human life, and the threat to human security. Global warming has become a very difficult trend to reverse. It and rising temperatures have caused very serious consequences for human beings, brought great impact on the Earth’s organisms and seriously affected people’s lives, but people didn’t realize the seriousness of the problem. It is urgent to protect the environment and people should take active measures to deal with it.

The word “reverse” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _______.

Read the following passage and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

☘ Make a Statement This Plastic Free July!

Are you ready to go green and make an impact? Celebrate sustainably with Eco Promotional Products, Inc. (EPP)! We're here to help you host zero-waste events that inspire change while aligning with your values. (1) _______ these eco-friendly must-haves:

✔ Reusable Cotton Tote Bags – Ditch plastic and upgrade to (2) _______. Perfect for shopping or giveaways at events!

✔ Eco-Friendly Lip Balms – Keep lips (3) _______ with natural, recyclable lip balms. A thoughtful and sustainable gift.

✔ Bee's Wrap Food Covers – Say goodbye to plastic wrap! These compostable wraps are ideal for sandwiches, bowls, and fresh produce.

✔ Biodegradable Dishcloths – Replace paper towels (4) _______ plant-fiber dishcloths. A single cloth saves up to 15 rolls!

✔ Durable Steel Cups – Perfect for festivals or tailgates. Reduce plastic waste while enjoying your drink in style!

For every order, EPP plants (5) _______ tree seedling. Join the (6) _______ for a cleaner planet today!

Shop now or call 877-ECO-WINS (877-326-9467) to get started. Together, we can create a brighter, plastic-free future!

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the  correct answer to each of the questions

Climate changes are one of the most intuitive changes in global warming. As a result of a large amount of carbon dioxide emissions, there is a sharp rise in high-temperature weather, which has an irreversible impact on our environment and ecology. Scientists say, “Changing weather patterns linked to rising global temperatures have resulted in a dearth of wind across northern China, according to several recent studies, exacerbating a wave of severe pollution that has been blamed for millions of premature deaths”. However, when I returned home last Christmas, there was no snow on the street, instead, it was a warm winter with sunshine. The continued of global warming may not only bring about changes in climate. The world may undergo more unpredictable changes due to global warming in the future.

Global climate change has seriously affected the living environment of animals, the change of climate, the quality of human life, and the threat to human security. Global warming has become a very difficult trend to reverse. It and rising temperatures have caused very serious consequences for human beings, brought great impact on the Earth’s organisms and seriously affected people’s lives, but people didn’t realize the seriousness of the problem. It is urgent to protect the environment and people should take active measures to deal with it.

According to the passage, all of the following are the impacts of climate change and global warming EXCEPT _______

Choose the answer that indicates the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

Changes in weather patterns threaten affect agriculture and food production, adding to the challenges of climate change.

Choose the correct answer to fill in the blank in each of the following questions.

In the past, many people __________ the impact of human activities on global warming.

Read the following advertisement and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

STEP INTO NATURE WITH TCV URBAN ECOLOGY – MAKE A REAL DIFFERENCE!

Join TCV Urban Ecology and help transform urban spaces into beautiful, green environments! We offer weekly volunteer days where you can work alongside (1) __________ to care for woodlands, ponds, marshes, and meadows.

We offer flexible volunteer days throughout the week, (2) __________ you to join whenever it fits into your schedule. No experience? No problem – we provide all the training and tools you need. You'll work alongside a team of (3) __________ individuals, learning new skills and creating meaningful connections.

Volunteering with us is (4) __________ great for the planet but also fantastic for your health and personal growth. You can give as much time as you want, and if you're looking for something longer, we (5) __________ more opportunities like becoming a TCV Volunteer Officer or joining special events.

(6) __________ involved today, and be part of something special with TCV Urban Ecology!

Read the following passage and choose the correct answer that best fits each of the following blanks.

Scientists from the State University of New York recently conducted a test that found tiny pieces of plastic in bottled water. (28)_________ examined 250 bottles from nine countries and discovered that more than 90% of them (29)_________ microplastic particles. Sometimes, thousands of these tiny plastic pieces were in a liter of water. Only 17 bottles were plastic-free, with an average of ten plastic particles per liter.

The companies responsible for bottled water claim that their production (30)_________ the highest quality standards. However, scientists and doctors express concerns, even though there is no proof that the smallest plastic particles can harm the body. Most of the plastic is turned into waste and leaves the body through feces.

Apart from bottled water, plastic particles (31)_________ in beer, tap water, seafood, and even in the air. Bottled water is currently the fastest-growing beverage globally, with around $150 billion worth sold worldwide. It is essential for millions of people (32)_________ lack access to safe drinking water.

Read the following passage about Technology and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

HOW TO HANDLE YOUR PARENTS

Adolescence is a challenging phase for both parents and teenagers. (18)______. Physically, as a child who was once dependent, you are now transforming into an independent young adult. Emotionally and socially, this period brings profound shifts in freedom, privacy, and decision-making.(19)______. Because you used to be most happy in the company of your parents, now you want to spend some more time on your own. In addition, decision-making, (20)______, is now something you wish to take control of.  Hating being told what to do all the time,(21)_____. You see the world differently, develop your own views and your own sense of right and wrong. You feel you have all the answers while adults don't. These changes, while normal, (22)_____.To maintain harmony, show your parents you still value them, agree on boundaries, prove your responsibility, and most importantly, keep communication open. 

Read the following passage and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

☘ Healthy Soil, Healthy Future!

☘ What Makes Up Soil?

Soil is a key part of our ecosystem, containing biotic factors like plants and insects and abiotic factors such as minerals, water, and air. Key minerals like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium help plants grow, while (7) _______ play supporting roles.

☘ Testing Soil for a Better Future

Scientists use soil testing to check its health. By analyzing nutrients, water levels, and pH balance, they can (8) _______ if soil is suitable for plants or if it needs improvements. Soil testing is also helpful in spotting contaminants and managing minerals like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

☘ Soil Differences Across the U.S.

Did you know that every state has its own unique "state soil"? This is why different crops grow in different regions. The NRCS (9) _______ soil maps covering 95% of the U.S., (10) _______ us understand our soil better.

☘ How Can You Help?

✔ Look into soil testing for your garden or farm.

✔ Try composting to add nutrients to your soil naturally.

✔ Avoid (11) _______ soil by keeping chemicals and waste away.

☘ Healthy soil supports thriving ecosystems and abundant crops. Let's (12) _______ care of it—for today and future generations!

Get involved today!