Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the  correct answer to each of the questions from 34 to 40.

Vietnam boasts a rich cultural heritage that spans thousands of years, with diverse influences from its indigenous roots, neighboring countries, and colonial history. However, the current status of heritage preservation in Vietnam is a topic of concern. Rapid urbanization, economic development, and modernization have posed significant challenges to the preservation and protection of Vietnam’s cultural treasures.

One issue faced by Vietnam is the encroachment of urban development on historical sites and traditional communities. As cities expand and modern infrastructure is built, historical buildings and neighborhoods often face the threat of demolition or alteration. This poses a risk to the physical integrity and authenticity of Vietnam’s heritage. Efforts are being made to strike a balance between development and preservation, with initiatives to restore and adapt historic structures for modern use, ensuring their cultural significance is not lost.

Another challenge is the preservation of intangible heritage, such as traditional crafts, music, and rituals. With the globalization of culture and changing societal dynamics, there is a risk of these traditions fading away. Recognizing this, the Vietnamese government and local communities have initiated programs to promote and safeguard intangible heritage. Cultural festivals, craft workshops, and educational initiatives are being organized to raise awareness and engage younger generations in the importance of preserving their cultural heritage.

Furthermore, tourism has both positive and negative impacts on heritage preservation in Vietnam. While tourism can provide economic opportunities and support conservation efforts, it can also lead to over-commercialization and cultural commodification. Striking a balance between sustainable tourism development and heritage protection is crucial. The Vietnamese government has implemented regulations to manage tourism activities and promote responsible travel practices to ensure that heritage sites are respected and preserved for future generations.

In conclusion, the current status of heritage preservation in Vietnam is a complex and evolving challenge. With growing awareness of the importance of cultural heritage, efforts are being made to protect and promote Vietnam’s rich heritage. However, it requires a delicate balance between development and preservation, as well as active community participation and responsible tourism practices, to ensure that Vietnam’s cultural treasures continue to thrive and inspire future generations.

 

The word “thrive” in the last paragraph is CLOSEST in meaning to ________.

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C and D on your answer sheer to indicate the option that best fit each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12

LIVING IN A MODERN CITY

"How will I navigate this city? Will it be exciting or will it be really (7) _____?" Are these the questions that you often ask yourself before a (8) _____? But that’s all going to change! A new urban development project has introduced a system (9) _____ 'Smart City'. Now you can connect with your community and access resources efficiently. When you move into the city, you can explore local services (10) _____ everyone in the area. You will also see what’s available in your neighborhood. Then you can choose what amenities you want to utilize. If you want to learn about events and (11) _____ community groups, check out the city’s online platform. And if you prefer (12) _____ nature and visiting parks, look at the environmental initiatives!

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

1. A workshop called “Tre Truyền Trẻ” will be held at the University of Economics and Finance in HCM City on February 25. The goal of the event is to inspire young people to engage with, protect, and develop traditional cultural values. The workshop is organized by Multimedia Communication Management students from FPT University and the University of Economics and Finance, and it is expected to attract young participants from universities across the city.

2. The main purpose of the workshop is to encourage the younger generation to explore and preserve traditional culture in an interactive way. Rap music has been chosen as the central theme because of its creativity, originality, and ability to connect different cultures. It represents the innovation and confidence of today's youth, showing how modern music can be used to promote traditional values.

3. During the event, participants will take part in activities that allow them to experience traditional musical instruments. This will give them an opportunity to connect with Vietnam's cultural heritage through music. The attendees will also listen to and vote on music that blends traditional Vietnamese melodies with modern electronic sounds, helping to create a unique musical style.

4. Additionally, there will be discussions where experts and young people can share ideas on how to preserve and develop traditional cultural values using rap music. Participants will also observe the music production process, learning from experienced producers and artists who combine folk music with modern rap. This workshop is part of the “nghe trẻ nghe tre” campaign, which aims to raise awareness about Vietnamese cultural values through rap music for young people in Ho Chi Minh City.

Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

Preserving Africa's Cultural Heritage

1. Cultural preservation in Africa focuses on protecting both tangible and intangible heritage for future generations. This includes conserving artefacts, traditions, languages, and practices of cultural significance. The African Union High-Level Panel on Emerging Technologies (APET) recognizes 3D printing as a key tool in this effort. This cutting-edge technology offers a precise and non-invasive way to replicate and restore artefacts, buildings, and landmarks that are damaged or lost. By adding materials layer by layer, 3D printing allows detailed restoration and replication.

2. APET highlights how 3D printing is transforming cultural preservation. For example, the Iziko Museums in Cape Town use it to replicate San rock art, protecting the originals from damage. In Egypt, researchers use the technology to restore ancient hieroglyphs on temples. At Great Zimbabwe, 3D-printed bricks are being used for restoration where traditional materials are unavailable. These examples demonstrate the value of 3D printing in addressing restoration challenges.

3. Additionally, 3D printing makes cultural heritage more accessible by allowing museums to create replicas for travelling exhibits, bringing historical treasures to distant communities. Schools and universities use 3D-printed artefacts for hands-on learning, helping students connect with their history. Digital 3D scanning creates detailed models stored online, enabling global access and collaboration.

4. APET suggests that national 3D cultural preservation programmes can document heritage sites and train local communities in 3D technology. This approach not only protects heritage but also creates jobs and empowers communities. Open-access policies further encourage education and innovation using 3D models. Investing in 3D printing infrastructure for tourism and restoration can boost local economies. Integrating 3D printing into creative industries ensures Africa's heritage is protected while supporting economic growth.

In which paragraph does the author mention the benefits of 3D printing for local communities?

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

APPLICATIONS OF AI IN URBAN PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

1. AI is transforming cities, making them smarter, more sustainable, and efficient. By integrating AI into urban planning, cities can operate more smoothly, enhancing the lives of those who live and work there. Key areas where AI can have a significant impact include digital twin technology, smart infrastructure, and optimizing transportation systems.

2. Digital twins are virtual versions of real cities created using data from sensors and devices. These digital models help city planners understand how a city works in real-time. Planners can test different ideas and plans in a virtual space before making changes in the real world. AI helps predict the outcomes of these tests, so the best solutions can be chosen. This saves time, resources, and reduces the risk of making mistakes. It also helps reduce the impact of changes like adjusting traffic flow or modifying energy use.

3. AI is also crucial for reducing the carbon footprint in urban environments, which is key to building sustainable cities. AI-driven platforms can optimize energy use, manage energy grids efficiently, and improve waste management systems. For instance, AI can predict when maintenance is needed, allowing problems to be fixed before they disrupt services. Smart grids can integrate renewable energy sources and optimize the way energy is distributed, minimizing waste and pollution. These solutions are leading the way to a low-carbon future, helping cities meet their net-zero emissions goals.

4. AI is also improving transportation in cities. By analyzing traffic data, public transport schedules, and pedestrian movement, AI helps optimize traffic flow and make public transport more reliable. Traffic lights become smarter, buses run on time, and pedestrian safety is improved. These improvements reduce traffic congestion and make cities more livable for everyone.

Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

1. A workshop called “Tre Truyền Trẻ” will be held at the University of Economics and Finance in HCM City on February 25. The goal of the event is to inspire young people to engage with, protect, and develop traditional cultural values. The workshop is organized by Multimedia Communication Management students from FPT University and the University of Economics and Finance, and it is expected to attract young participants from universities across the city.

2. The main purpose of the workshop is to encourage the younger generation to explore and preserve traditional culture in an interactive way. Rap music has been chosen as the central theme because of its creativity, originality, and ability to connect different cultures. It represents the innovation and confidence of today's youth, showing how modern music can be used to promote traditional values.

3. During the event, participants will take part in activities that allow them to experience traditional musical instruments. This will give them an opportunity to connect with Vietnam's cultural heritage through music. The attendees will also listen to and vote on music that blends traditional Vietnamese melodies with modern electronic sounds, helping to create a unique musical style.

4. Additionally, there will be discussions where experts and young people can share ideas on how to preserve and develop traditional cultural values using rap music. Participants will also observe the music production process, learning from experienced producers and artists who combine folk music with modern rap. This workshop is part of the “nghe trẻ nghe tre” campaign, which aims to raise awareness about Vietnamese cultural values through rap music for young people in Ho Chi Minh City.

The word its in paragraph 2 refers to __________.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

1. A workshop called “Tre Truyền Trẻ” will be held at the University of Economics and Finance in HCM City on February 25. The goal of the event is to inspire young people to engage with, protect, and develop traditional cultural values. The workshop is organized by Multimedia Communication Management students from FPT University and the University of Economics and Finance, and it is expected to attract young participants from universities across the city.

2. The main purpose of the workshop is to encourage the younger generation to explore and preserve traditional culture in an interactive way. Rap music has been chosen as the central theme because of its creativity, originality, and ability to connect different cultures. It represents the innovation and confidence of today's youth, showing how modern music can be used to promote traditional values.

3. During the event, participants will take part in activities that allow them to experience traditional musical instruments. This will give them an opportunity to connect with Vietnam's cultural heritage through music. The attendees will also listen to and vote on music that blends traditional Vietnamese melodies with modern electronic sounds, helping to create a unique musical style.

4. Additionally, there will be discussions where experts and young people can share ideas on how to preserve and develop traditional cultural values using rap music. Participants will also observe the music production process, learning from experienced producers and artists who combine folk music with modern rap. This workshop is part of the “nghe trẻ nghe tre” campaign, which aims to raise awareness about Vietnamese cultural values through rap music for young people in Ho Chi Minh City.

In which paragraph does the author mention the characteristics of a type of music?

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that bestfits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

WELCOME TO YOUR NEW CITY!

Moving to a new city can be both exciting and overwhelming. Whether you're here for work, study, or a fresh start, our guide will help you settle in quickly and enjoy everything the city has to offer.

First, check out the public transport system. Unlike (7) _____ cities you've lived in; this one has a highly efficient network that connects all major areas. If you're unsure about routes, you can (8) _____ the official app for schedules and maps.

For work and leisure, this city is home to many opportunities in technology, education, and healthcare. It's a hub for (9) _____  and growth!

(10) _____ struggling to find parking, consider biking or using ride-share services—eco-friendlier and more stress-free!

Also, there are many exciting events happening year-round, from music festivals to art exhibitions.

Finally, don't forget to visit our iconic landmarks, including the new (11) _____ that opened downtown—a true architectural (12) _____.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct arrangement of the sentences to make a meaningful paragraph/ letter in each of the following questions.

a. In short, by implementing these steps, Vietnam can ensure the preservation and development of its World Heritage sites for generations to come.

b. Firstly, the government and local communities need to work together to raise awareness about the importance of protecting these sites.

c. There are several steps to preserve and develop cultural and historical heritage sites in Vietnam such as Ha Long Bay, Hoi An Ancient Town, and My Son Sanctuary.

d. Secondly, sustainable tourism practices should be encouraged to ensure that tourism does not harm the sites or the local communities.

e. Finally, research and conservation efforts should be continued to better understand and protect these invaluable pieces of history and culture.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

APPLICATIONS OF AI IN URBAN PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

1. AI is transforming cities, making them smarter, more sustainable, and efficient. By integrating AI into urban planning, cities can operate more smoothly, enhancing the lives of those who live and work there. Key areas where AI can have a significant impact include digital twin technology, smart infrastructure, and optimizing transportation systems.

2. Digital twins are virtual versions of real cities created using data from sensors and devices. These digital models help city planners understand how a city works in real-time. Planners can test different ideas and plans in a virtual space before making changes in the real world. AI helps predict the outcomes of these tests, so the best solutions can be chosen. This saves time, resources, and reduces the risk of making mistakes. It also helps reduce the impact of changes like adjusting traffic flow or modifying energy use.

3. AI is also crucial for reducing the carbon footprint in urban environments, which is key to building sustainable cities. AI-driven platforms can optimize energy use, manage energy grids efficiently, and improve waste management systems. For instance, AI can predict when maintenance is needed, allowing problems to be fixed before they disrupt services. Smart grids can integrate renewable energy sources and optimize the way energy is distributed, minimizing waste and pollution. These solutions are leading the way to a low-carbon future, helping cities meet their net-zero emissions goals.

4. AI is also improving transportation in cities. By analyzing traffic data, public transport schedules, and pedestrian movement, AI helps optimize traffic flow and make public transport more reliable. Traffic lights become smarter, buses run on time, and pedestrian safety is improved. These improvements reduce traffic congestion and make cities more livable for everyone.

The word integrate in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by __________.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

APPLICATIONS OF AI IN URBAN PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

1. AI is transforming cities, making them smarter, more sustainable, and efficient. By integrating AI into urban planning, cities can operate more smoothly, enhancing the lives of those who live and work there. Key areas where AI can have a significant impact include digital twin technology, smart infrastructure, and optimizing transportation systems.

2. Digital twins are virtual versions of real cities created using data from sensors and devices. These digital models help city planners understand how a city works in real-time. Planners can test different ideas and plans in a virtual space before making changes in the real world. AI helps predict the outcomes of these tests, so the best solutions can be chosen. This saves time, resources, and reduces the risk of making mistakes. It also helps reduce the impact of changes like adjusting traffic flow or modifying energy use.

3. AI is also crucial for reducing the carbon footprint in urban environments, which is key to building sustainable cities. AI-driven platforms can optimize energy use, manage energy grids efficiently, and improve waste management systems. For instance, AI can predict when maintenance is needed, allowing problems to be fixed before they disrupt services. Smart grids can integrate renewable energy sources and optimize the way energy is distributed, minimizing waste and pollution. These solutions are leading the way to a low-carbon future, helping cities meet their net-zero emissions goals.

4. AI is also improving transportation in cities. By analyzing traffic data, public transport schedules, and pedestrian movement, AI helps optimize traffic flow and make public transport more reliable. Traffic lights become smarter, buses run on time, and pedestrian safety is improved. These improvements reduce traffic congestion and make cities more livable for everyone.

The word modifying in paragraph 2 is OPPOSITE in meaning to __________.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the  correct answer to each of the questions from 34 to 40.

Vietnam boasts a rich cultural heritage that spans thousands of years, with diverse influences from its indigenous roots, neighboring countries, and colonial history. However, the current status of heritage preservation in Vietnam is a topic of concern. Rapid urbanization, economic development, and modernization have posed significant challenges to the preservation and protection of Vietnam’s cultural treasures.

One issue faced by Vietnam is the encroachment of urban development on historical sites and traditional communities. As cities expand and modern infrastructure is built, historical buildings and neighborhoods often face the threat of demolition or alteration. This poses a risk to the physical integrity and authenticity of Vietnam’s heritage. Efforts are being made to strike a balance between development and preservation, with initiatives to restore and adapt historic structures for modern use, ensuring their cultural significance is not lost.

Another challenge is the preservation of intangible heritage, such as traditional crafts, music, and rituals. With the globalization of culture and changing societal dynamics, there is a risk of these traditions fading away. Recognizing this, the Vietnamese government and local communities have initiated programs to promote and safeguard intangible heritage. Cultural festivals, craft workshops, and educational initiatives are being organized to raise awareness and engage younger generations in the importance of preserving their cultural heritage.

Furthermore, tourism has both positive and negative impacts on heritage preservation in Vietnam. While tourism can provide economic opportunities and support conservation efforts, it can also lead to over-commercialization and cultural commodification. Striking a balance between sustainable tourism development and heritage protection is crucial. The Vietnamese government has implemented regulations to manage tourism activities and promote responsible travel practices to ensure that heritage sites are respected and preserved for future generations.

In conclusion, the current status of heritage preservation in Vietnam is a complex and evolving challenge. With growing awareness of the importance of cultural heritage, efforts are being made to protect and promote Vietnam’s rich heritage. However, it requires a delicate balance between development and preservation, as well as active community participation and responsible tourism practices, to ensure that Vietnam’s cultural treasures continue to thrive and inspire future generations.

The word “fading away” in paragraph 3 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ________.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

1. A workshop called “Tre Truyền Trẻ” will be held at the University of Economics and Finance in HCM City on February 25. The goal of the event is to inspire young people to engage with, protect, and develop traditional cultural values. The workshop is organized by Multimedia Communication Management students from FPT University and the University of Economics and Finance, and it is expected to attract young participants from universities across the city.

2. The main purpose of the workshop is to encourage the younger generation to explore and preserve traditional culture in an interactive way. Rap music has been chosen as the central theme because of its creativity, originality, and ability to connect different cultures. It represents the innovation and confidence of today's youth, showing how modern music can be used to promote traditional values.

3. During the event, participants will take part in activities that allow them to experience traditional musical instruments. This will give them an opportunity to connect with Vietnam's cultural heritage through music. The attendees will also listen to and vote on music that blends traditional Vietnamese melodies with modern electronic sounds, helping to create a unique musical style.

4. Additionally, there will be discussions where experts and young people can share ideas on how to preserve and develop traditional cultural values using rap music. Participants will also observe the music production process, learning from experienced producers and artists who combine folk music with modern rap. This workshop is part of the “nghe trẻ nghe tre” campaign, which aims to raise awareness about Vietnamese cultural values through rap music for young people in Ho Chi Minh City.

Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3?

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C and D on your answer sheer to indicate the option that best fit each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12

LIVING IN A MODERN CITY

"How will I navigate this city? Will it be exciting or will it be really (7) _____?" Are these the questions that you often ask yourself before a (8) _____? But that’s all going to change! A new urban development project has introduced a system (9) _____ 'Smart City'. Now you can connect with your community and access resources efficiently. When you move into the city, you can explore local services (10) _____ everyone in the area. You will also see what’s available in your neighborhood. Then you can choose what amenities you want to utilize. If you want to learn about events and (11) _____ community groups, check out the city’s online platform. And if you prefer (12) _____ nature and visiting parks, look at the environmental initiatives!

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

A New Capital

When Pakistan was established as a new state in 1947, Karachi initially served as its capital. However, maintaining Karachi as the capital proved to be a challenge due to several disadvantages, such as its climate and the condition of the existing infrastructure. Rather than attempting to improve these issues, the government opted to create a completely new capital city. In 1959, a commission was formed to explore potential locations for this new capital. Dr. Doxiadis, a renowned architect and city planner, was appointed as the chief advisor to the commission.

Dr. Doxiadis and his team explored several possible sites for the new capital, considering both geographical and environmental factors. After a thorough evaluation, they narrowed the options down to two locations: one just outside Karachi and the other located north of Rawalpindi. Both sites had their own sets of advantages and drawbacks, making the decision a complex one.

The final choice was made after carefully considering a range of factors such as transportation, water availability, economic implications, and national interests. Ultimately, the area north of Rawalpindi was selected. On February 24, 1960, the new capital city was named Islamabad, and a comprehensive master plan for its development was created. The plan divided the area into three distinct sections: Islamabad itself, neighboring Rawalpindi, and a national park.

Each section was designed to serve a specific purpose. (I) Islamabad would function as the country’s political and cultural center, meeting the administrative needs of the nation. (II) Rawalpindi, located nearby, would continue as the regional hub for industry and commerce. (III) The national park area was intended to provide space for education, recreation, and agriculture, enhancing the quality of life for residents. (IV)

Today, Islamabad is a vibrant city with a population of around 1 million people. Known for its clean and healthy environment, it offers a pollution-free atmosphere, abundant water resources, and ample green spaces. Tree-lined streets, elegant public buildings, and well-planned shopping centers make the city a model of successful urban planning. With its efficient design and flourishing urban life, Islamabad stands as a prime example of well-executed city planning and growth.

Where in paragraph 4 does the following sentence best fit?

"The city has become a model of well-executed urban planning."

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions

Ha Noi Then and Now

The 'Ha Noi Then and Now' exhibition has drawn thousands of visitors this week. The photos evoke childhood memories for older residents while giving younger generations a glimpse into how the city has transformed over time. Through the exhibition, people from all walks of life can connect with the essence of Ha Noi, whether they are locals or newcomers curious about its history and development.

In the 'Then' hall, pictures vividly depict 20th-century Ha Noi. In 1954, the city had about 530,000 residents in an area of 152 sq km. The Old Quarter, dating back hundreds of years, comprised streets dedicated to specific trades and crafts that shaped the city's economy. Life was simpler; most people traveled by bicycle or on foot, as motorbikes and cars were luxuries that only a few could afford. Trains, starting in 1901, were the primary mode of public transport until 1991, as buses were infrequent and inconvenient. People lived and worked in low-rise buildings, creating a close-knit community atmosphere. The city was a fascinating mixture of French colonial buildings and traditional Eastern architecture, blending the influences of its history and culture.

In contrast, the 'Now' hall showcases a dynamic and modern Ha Noi with over 8 million residents and an urban area exceeding 3,000 sq km. Many rural villages have been incorporated into the expanding city, transforming its landscape. To accommodate the growing population, the government is building affordable housing and high-rise apartments. Transport has improved significantly with the construction of new roads, bridges, and electric buses. The Ha Noi Metro, launched in 2021, represents a major step forward in public transit and is set to expand further by 2030, connecting more areas of the city.

Despite these advancements, urbanisation has introduced challenges. "The city is becoming overcrowded as people move in for job opportunities," said a 21-year-old student. This growth has caused traffic congestion, rising unemployment, and worsening air pollution, which are major concerns for residents.

Through this exhibition, visitors can appreciate Ha Noi's rich history while grappling with the complexities of its rapid development, understanding both its past and its future trajectory.

Which of the following best paraphrases the sentence?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

The Taj Mahal is a beautiful white marble mausoleum in the city of Agra, India. It is widely considered to be one of the greatest architectural masterpieces in the world and is listed as one of the New Seven Wonders of the World. Every year, the Taj Mahal receives visits from between four and six million tourists from all over the world. Interestingly, less than 500,000 of those visitors are from overseas; the vast majority are from India itself.

UNESCO has designated the building and its grounds as an official World Heritage Site, and there is much concern that the sheer volume of foot traffic may have a negative impact on this wonder of the world. Still, it is hard to blame people in India for wanting to see the Taj, since the growing middle class there finally has the time and leisure to visit their country’s great treasure.

The Taj Mahal was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan (reigned 1628 - 1658) in honor of the Persian princess Mumtaz Mahal, his beloved third wife. She died in 1631 while bearing their fourteenth child, and Shah Jahan never really recovered from the loss. In 1632, he poured his energy into designing and building the most beautiful tomb ever known for her, on the southern banks of the Yamuna River.

It took some 20,000 artisans more than a decade to build the Taj Mahal complex. The white marble stone is inlaid with floral details carved from precious gems. In places, the stone is carved into delicate vined screens called pierce work so that visitors can see into the next chamber. All of the floors are inlaid with patterned stone, and incised painting in abstract designs adorns the walls. The artisans who did this incredible work were supervised by an entire committee of architects, headed by Ustad Ahmad Lahauri. The cost in modern values was about 53 billion rupees ($827 million US). Construction of the mausoleum was completed around 1648.

It is NOT stated in the first paragraph that ____.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from that of the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17.

a. In the future, smart cities will be designed to make life more convenient and sustainable for their residents.

b. Furthermore, transportation in these cities will be managed by self-driving cars and interconnected public transit, reducing traffic congestion and pollution.

c. These cities will be equipped with sensors to monitor air quality, energy use, and water levels, providing real-time data to improve city management.

d. Additionally, smart cities will also use renewable energy sources, like solar and wind power, to decrease their environmental impact.

e. In conclusion, with advanced technology and eco-friendly practices, smart cities promise a higher quality of life and a greener future.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

APPLICATIONS OF AI IN URBAN PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

1. AI is transforming cities, making them smarter, more sustainable, and efficient. By integrating AI into urban planning, cities can operate more smoothly, enhancing the lives of those who live and work there. Key areas where AI can have a significant impact include digital twin technology, smart infrastructure, and optimizing transportation systems.

2. Digital twins are virtual versions of real cities created using data from sensors and devices. These digital models help city planners understand how a city works in real-time. Planners can test different ideas and plans in a virtual space before making changes in the real world. AI helps predict the outcomes of these tests, so the best solutions can be chosen. This saves time, resources, and reduces the risk of making mistakes. It also helps reduce the impact of changes like adjusting traffic flow or modifying energy use.

3. AI is also crucial for reducing the carbon footprint in urban environments, which is key to building sustainable cities. AI-driven platforms can optimize energy use, manage energy grids efficiently, and improve waste management systems. For instance, AI can predict when maintenance is needed, allowing problems to be fixed before they disrupt services. Smart grids can integrate renewable energy sources and optimize the way energy is distributed, minimizing waste and pollution. These solutions are leading the way to a low-carbon future, helping cities meet their net-zero emissions goals.

4. AI is also improving transportation in cities. By analyzing traffic data, public transport schedules, and pedestrian movement, AI helps optimize traffic flow and make public transport more reliable. Traffic lights become smarter, buses run on time, and pedestrian safety is improved. These improvements reduce traffic congestion and make cities more livable for everyone.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a crucial area where AI can make a big difference in the passage?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

The Taj Mahal is a beautiful white marble mausoleum in the city of Agra, India. It is widely considered to be one of the greatest architectural masterpieces in the world and is listed as one of the New Seven Wonders of the World. Every year, the Taj Mahal receives visits from between four and six million tourists from all over the world. Interestingly, less than 500,000 of those visitors are from overseas; the vast majority are from India itself.

UNESCO has designated the building and its grounds as an official World Heritage Site, and there is much concern that the sheer volume of foot traffic may have a negative impact on this wonder of the world. Still, it is hard to blame people in India for wanting to see the Taj, since the growing middle class there finally has the time and leisure to visit their country’s great treasure.

The Taj Mahal was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan (reigned 1628 - 1658) in honor of the Persian princess Mumtaz Mahal, his beloved third wife. She died in 1631 while bearing their fourteenth child, and Shah Jahan never really recovered from the loss. In 1632, he poured his energy into designing and building the most beautiful tomb ever known for her, on the southern banks of the Yamuna River.

It took some 20,000 artisans more than a decade to build the Taj Mahal complex. The white marble stone is inlaid with floral details carved from precious gems. In places, the stone is carved into delicate vined screens called pierce work so that visitors can see into the next chamber. All of the floors are inlaid with patterned stone, and incised painting in abstract designs adorns the walls. The artisans who did this incredible work were supervised by an entire committee of architects, headed by Ustad Ahmad Lahauri. The cost in modern values was about 53 billion rupees ($827 million US). Construction of the mausoleum was completed around 1648.

Which of the following is NOT true about the Taj Mahal, according to the passage?