Read the following passage and choose the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

 

Smart cities are designed to make life easier and more efficient for people. In a smart city, technology plays a big role in managing important services. (24) __________, there are systems that control traffic lights to reduce traffic jams and help people get to their destinations faster. Public transportation, like buses and trains, runs on time because it uses data to plan the best routes. Energy is also saved by using smart streetlights that turn on and off automatically. (25) __________ important feature of smart cities is their focus on the environment. Many smart cities use renewable energy sources, like solar and wind power, to reduce pollution. Additionally, smart homes allow people to control devices like lights and heaters through apps on their phones. All of these features work together to create a city (26) __________ is safer, cleaner, and more comfortable to live in. By integrating these technologies, smart cities aim to create safer, greener, and more comfortable living environments. More cities are adopting these solutions to (27) __________ the growing needs of their populations and improve living standards. (28) __________ cities are moving toward this model to improve the quality of life for their citizens.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 40.

Sustainable development has become a priority worldwide, as nations work to balance economic growth with environmental preservation. [I] Sustainable practices are critical to ensure that natural resources are conserved for future generations, while also meeting today’s economic needs. [II] Many countries have invested in green technologies to reduce carbon emissions and slow climate change.

[III] However, achieving sustainability involves more than just technology; it requires a collective shift in mindset towards reducing waste, reusing materials, and protecting biodiversity. [IV] According to the United Nations, sustainable development must incorporate social equity, economic progress, and environmental stewardship to be effective.

A key factor driving sustainability efforts is the awareness of limited resources. The earth’s resources, such as freshwater, fossil fuels, and fertile land, are finite, and overuse can lead to scarcity. In recent years, many nations have implemented regulations to control the extraction and consumption of resources, aiming to curb excessive demand and reduce environmental impact. For example, many cities have introduced restrictions on single-use plastics and have promoted recycling programs as a means to encourage responsible waste management.

While developing countries may prioritize industrial growth to boost economic development, developed nations often focus on reducing their carbon footprint and promoting eco-friendly policies. This disparity can lead to challenges in international relations, as countries negotiate agreements on emissions and resource use. Organizations like the United Nations work to bridge these gaps through global frameworks that encourage cooperation, but disparities in priorities and resources can hinder progress.

Increasing public awareness about environmental sustainability has been another critical component of these efforts. Through education and media campaigns, individuals are encouraged to adopt environmentally conscious practices, such as reducing energy consumption, using public transport, and supporting local economies. By making small adjustments in daily life, individuals contribute to broader global sustainability goals, ultimately promoting a healthier planet for future generations.

Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

Read the following passage about the urban shift and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. 

Pollution and Its Global Impact

[I] Pollution is one of the most pressing issues in the modern world, affecting not only the environment but also public health and global economies. [II] While urbanization and industrialization have brought significant progress, they have also introduced severe environmental challenges. [III] Reducing pollution requires a comprehensive approach that includes public awareness, technological innovation, and stricter environmental policies. [IV]

Air pollution is among the most widespread forms of environmental degradation. It stems from emissions by vehicles, factories, and deforestation, leading to harmful effects on both human health and the climate. According to the United Nations, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) causes millions of premature deaths annually. Water pollution, caused by untreated waste, agricultural runoff, and oil spills, destroys marine ecosystems and threatens human water supplies. Similarly, soil pollution—often overlooked—results from pesticides, heavy metals, and industrial waste, severely impacting agriculture and biodiversity.

While governments worldwide have implemented measures to combat pollution, individual action is equally essential. Reducing plastic consumption, opting for sustainable transportation, and recycling waste can significantly lessen environmental harm. Moreover, industries must adopt cleaner production methods, such as renewable energy and green technology. However, these solutions are effective only when paired with robust educational campaigns that encourage people to understand and address pollution’s consequences.

Despite these efforts, the problem persists, especially in developing nations, where economic constraints hinder environmental policies and waste management systems. At the same time, wealthier countries often export waste to poorer regions, exacerbating the issue. Experts stress that international cooperation is essential to tackle pollution on a global scale. Unless all nations contribute, the planet’s resources and ecosystems may face irreversible damage.

The word persists in the last paragraph is OPPOSITE in meaning to:

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

VOLUNTEERS FOR GREEN CAMPAIGN

Our club would like to recruit ___(7)___ for our Green Campaign.

Are you ___(8)___ 15 years old? And do you really wish ___(9)___ a difference?

Please volunteer for our Green Lifestyle initiative, ___(10)___ clean up our communities and nurture disadvantaged children.

Make an impact, one action at a time!

Embrace a fulfilling experience that not only cares for the environment but also ___(11)___ the lives of those in need.

Together, let's create a sustainable future and spread kindness.

___(12)___ interested in our campaign, please sign up!

Read the following passage about The Benefits of Outdoor Activities and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

Engaging in outdoor activities has become increasingly popular in recent years. Not only do these activities provide an escape from the daily grind of life, but they also offer numerous physical and mental health benefits. Hiking, cycling, and team sports are just a few examples of outdoor activities that can enhance well-being.

First and foremost, outdoor activities encourage physical fitness. Regular participation in activities like hiking or cycling helps individuals maintain a healthy weight and improve cardiovascular health. The fresh air and natural surroundings can make exercising feel less like a chore and more like an enjoyable experience. Furthermore, studies have shown that spending time in nature can reduce stress levels and promote a sense of tranquility.

In addition to physical benefits, outdoor activities foster social connections. Participating in team sports or group hikes allows individuals to meet new people and strengthen existing relationships. The shared experience of overcoming challenges together can build camaraderie and enhance teamwork skills.

However, some people might argue that outdoor activities are not accessible to everyone. For instance, individuals living in urban areas may find it difficult to access green spaces or safe paths for cycling. This raises the question of equity in accessing outdoor resources.

Despite these challenges, the advantages of engaging in outdoor activities far outweigh the drawbacks. Those who participate regularly often report feeling happier and more fulfilled. The sense of achievement that comes from completing a challenging hike or mastering a new cycling route can significantly boost self-esteem.

In conclusion, outdoor activities play a crucial role in promoting both physical health and social well-being. By stepping outside and embracing nature, individuals can improve their quality of life. As we continue to navigate the complexities of modern living, it is vital to prioritize these enriching experiences.

The word “encourage” in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by_________.

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that bestfits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

TO LIVE SUSTAINABLY, START AT HOME!

Let’s discover how we can contribute to a more sustainable lifestyle in our everyday activities.

Facts and figures: In the past decade, (7) _______ people have begun to recognize the importance of sustainability. Yet, we still (8) _______ millions of tons of food waste each year. This not only affects our environment but also contributes to food scarcity.

Positive action!

Use less plastic! Whenever possible, opt for (9) _______ alternatives to plastic products. This small change can make a big difference.

Shop smart! (10) _______ buying unnecessary items, focus on what you really need. This will help decrease waste and save money.

Make the most of resources! Learn to (11) _______ things you might usually throw away. For instance, vegetable scraps can be used for broth.

Involve your community! Encourage (12) _______ to participate in local clean-up events to foster a collective effort for a cleaner environment.

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that bestfits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

TO LIVE SUSTAINABLY, START AT HOME!

Let’s discover how we can contribute to a more sustainable lifestyle in our everyday activities.

Facts and figures: In the past decade, (7) _______ people have begun to recognize the importance of sustainability. Yet, we still (8) _______ millions of tons of food waste each year. This not only affects our environment but also contributes to food scarcity.

Positive action!

Use less plastic! Whenever possible, opt for (9) _______ alternatives to plastic products. This small change can make a big difference.

Shop smart! (10) _______ buying unnecessary items, focus on what you really need. This will help decrease waste and save money.

Make the most of resources! Learn to (11) _______ things you might usually throw away. For instance, vegetable scraps can be used for broth.

Involve your community! Encourage (12) _______ to participate in local clean-up events to foster a collective effort for a cleaner environment.

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that bestfits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

TO LIVE SUSTAINABLY, START AT HOME!

Let’s discover how we can contribute to a more sustainable lifestyle in our everyday activities.

Facts and figures: In the past decade, (7) _______ people have begun to recognize the importance of sustainability. Yet, we still (8) _______ millions of tons of food waste each year. This not only affects our environment but also contributes to food scarcity.

Positive action!

Use less plastic! Whenever possible, opt for (9) _______ alternatives to plastic products. This small change can make a big difference.

Shop smart! (10) _______ buying unnecessary items, focus on what you really need. This will help decrease waste and save money.

Make the most of resources! Learn to (11) _______ things you might usually throw away. For instance, vegetable scraps can be used for broth.

Involve your community! Encourage (12) _______ to participate in local clean-up events to foster a collective effort for a cleaner environment.

Read the following passage about plastic bags and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

Plastic bags are used by everybody. From a vegetable vendor to a designer store, everyone seems to use them. Even though they are one of the modern conveniences that we seem to be unable to do without, they are responsible for causing pollution, killing wildlife, and using up the precious resources of the Earth.  But, most of us are blissfully unaware of the outcomes that are occurring and will take place in the future.

Every once in a while, the government passes out an order banning store owners from providing plastic bags to customers for carrying their purchases. About a hundred billion plastic bags are used every year in the U.S. alone. The problem is further worsened by the developed countries shipping off their plastic waste to developing countries like India.

Once they are used, most bags go into landfills. Each year, more and more bags are ending up littering the environment. Once they become litter, plastic bags find their way into our waterways, parks, beaches, and streets. About 100,000 animals, such as dolphins, turtles, whales, penguins are killed every year due to these bags. And worse, the ingested plastic bag remains intact even after the death and decomposition of the animal. One of the worst environmental effects is that they are non-biodegradable. No one will live so long to witness the decomposition of plastic!

A tote bag can make a good substitute for carrying groceries and the shopping. You can keep the bag with the cashier, and then put your purchases into it instead of the usual plastic bag. Recycling the bags you already have is another good idea. Plastics are not only non-biodegradable, but are one of the major pollutants of the sea. For a clean and green environment, try to use alternatives to plastic whenever and wherever possible.

In which paragraph does the writer replace other alternatives in producing plastic bags?

Read the following passage about endangered languages and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

            In an era marked by climate change and environmental degradation, adopting green living habits has become increasingly vital. Green living refers to a lifestyle that seeks to minimize one's ecological footprint through conscious choices in daily activities. This can include everything from reducing waste to conserving energy and using sustainable products. As more individuals recognize the importance of preserving our planet, the movement toward greener practices continues to gain momentum.

            One of the most significant aspects of green living is its focus on sustainability. By choosing products that are eco-friendly, consumers can support businesses that prioritize environmental responsibility. For instance, using reusable bags, bottles, and containers reduces plastic waste and promotes a circular economy. Furthermore, opting for locally sourced foods not only supports local farmers but also decreases the carbon emissions associated with transportation.

            When green living habits are adopted, they can lead to profound changes in our environment. By reducing their energy consumption through the use of energy-efficient appliances, individuals help lower greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently, this contributes to cleaner air and mitigates the effects of climate change. Moreover, by practicing water conservation methods, such as fixing leaks and using low-flow fixtures, households can significantly decrease water waste, promoting the sustainable use of this precious resource.

            In conclusion, educating individuals about green living habits is crucial for promoting a more sustainable future. Schools and community organizations can offer workshops and resources that highlight the benefits of eco-friendly practices. Additionally, social media campaigns can raise awareness and encourage people to share their experiences with sustainable living. By empowering individuals to make informed choices, we can collectively work toward a healthier planet for generations to come.

The word “their” in paragraph 3 refers to _______.

Read the following passage about the urban shift and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. 

Pollution and Its Global Impact

[I] Pollution is one of the most pressing issues in the modern world, affecting not only the environment but also public health and global economies. [II] While urbanization and industrialization have brought significant progress, they have also introduced severe environmental challenges. [III] Reducing pollution requires a comprehensive approach that includes public awareness, technological innovation, and stricter environmental policies. [IV]

Air pollution is among the most widespread forms of environmental degradation. It stems from emissions by vehicles, factories, and deforestation, leading to harmful effects on both human health and the climate. According to the United Nations, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) causes millions of premature deaths annually. Water pollution, caused by untreated waste, agricultural runoff, and oil spills, destroys marine ecosystems and threatens human water supplies. Similarly, soil pollution—often overlooked—results from pesticides, heavy metals, and industrial waste, severely impacting agriculture and biodiversity.

While governments worldwide have implemented measures to combat pollution, individual action is equally essential. Reducing plastic consumption, opting for sustainable transportation, and recycling waste can significantly lessen environmental harm. Moreover, industries must adopt cleaner production methods, such as renewable energy and green technology. However, these solutions are effective only when paired with robust educational campaigns that encourage people to understand and address pollution’s consequences.

Despite these efforts, the problem persists, especially in developing nations, where economic constraints hinder environmental policies and waste management systems. At the same time, wealthier countries often export waste to poorer regions, exacerbating the issue. Experts stress that international cooperation is essential to tackle pollution on a global scale. Unless all nations contribute, the planet’s resources and ecosystems may face irreversible damage.

According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that bestfits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

TO LIVE SUSTAINABLY, START AT HOME!

Let’s discover how we can contribute to a more sustainable lifestyle in our everyday activities.

Facts and figures: In the past decade, (7) _______ people have begun to recognize the importance of sustainability. Yet, we still (8) _______ millions of tons of food waste each year. This not only affects our environment but also contributes to food scarcity.

Positive action!

Use less plastic! Whenever possible, opt for (9) _______ alternatives to plastic products. This small change can make a big difference.

Shop smart! (10) _______ buying unnecessary items, focus on what you really need. This will help decrease waste and save money.

Make the most of resources! Learn to (11) _______ things you might usually throw away. For instance, vegetable scraps can be used for broth.

Involve your community! Encourage (12) _______ to participate in local clean-up events to foster a collective effort for a cleaner environment.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

In an era of increasing global awareness, debates around sustainable practices such as fair trade, organic farming, and recycling are gaining prominence. Farmers in developing countries are among the most vulnerable people, dependent on world commodity markets, middlemen, and unpredictable weather. 

(I)Fair trade arrangements aim to support cooperative groups by guaranteeing prices above the world market rate and additional bonuses. (II) However, critics argue that fair trade may not lift a country out of poverty. (III)They claim that most of the money generated from sales goes to wealthy countries that promote these products. (IV)In fact, only about 5% of the sale price of a fair-trade chocolate bar (retailing for £1.73 in the UK) reaches the poor country.

Another significant trend is the rise of organic food, marketed as being free of chemicals, which appeals to consumers concerned about the dangers of chemicals in food. These chemicals are suspected of causing various health problems, including cancer and developmental issues in children. Despite these concerns, British farmers have not converted to organic farming in large enough numbers to meet the demand. As a result, supermarkets often import organic vegetables from distant countries, contributing to higher greenhouse gas emissions due to transportation. Environmentalists are now urging consumers to buy locally grown vegetables, even if they are pesticide-treated, suggesting a good wash can minimize the risk.

In recent years, a shift has occurred in how we handle waste. Once content to bury it in landfills or dump it at sea, we are now encouraged to recycle and treat waste as a resource. This shift has led to more widespread kerbside collections for various materials like paper, plastic, and metal. However, recycling has unintended consequences. Most of the UK's recyclables are sent to China or India, which incurs additional environmental costs from transportation. In these countries, workers often sort waste under dangerous conditions. Sometimes, materials that are sorted at home still end up in landfills because the market for them fluctuates.

While efforts to promote sustainability are commendable, they require constant evaluation to ensure they truly benefit people and the environment, rather than creating new inequalities or environmental harm.

According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Choose the correct answer to fill in the blank in each of the following questions.

__________ pedestrian zones and bike lanes should be expanded to encourage eco-friendly transportation in big cities.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 40.

Sustainable development has become a priority worldwide, as nations work to balance economic growth with environmental preservation. [I] Sustainable practices are critical to ensure that natural resources are conserved for future generations, while also meeting today’s economic needs. [II] Many countries have invested in green technologies to reduce carbon emissions and slow climate change.

[III] However, achieving sustainability involves more than just technology; it requires a collective shift in mindset towards reducing waste, reusing materials, and protecting biodiversity. [IV] According to the United Nations, sustainable development must incorporate social equity, economic progress, and environmental stewardship to be effective.

A key factor driving sustainability efforts is the awareness of limited resources. The earth’s resources, such as freshwater, fossil fuels, and fertile land, are finite, and overuse can lead to scarcity. In recent years, many nations have implemented regulations to control the extraction and consumption of resources, aiming to curb excessive demand and reduce environmental impact. For example, many cities have introduced restrictions on single-use plastics and have promoted recycling programs as a means to encourage responsible waste management.

While developing countries may prioritize industrial growth to boost economic development, developed nations often focus on reducing their carbon footprint and promoting eco-friendly policies. This disparity can lead to challenges in international relations, as countries negotiate agreements on emissions and resource use. Organizations like the United Nations work to bridge these gaps through global frameworks that encourage cooperation, but disparities in priorities and resources can hinder progress.

Increasing public awareness about environmental sustainability has been another critical component of these efforts. Through education and media campaigns, individuals are encouraged to adopt environmentally conscious practices, such as reducing energy consumption, using public transport, and supporting local economies. By making small adjustments in daily life, individuals contribute to broader global sustainability goals, ultimately promoting a healthier planet for future generations.

Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3?

Read the following passage about humanoid robots and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

The future of electric vehicles (EVs) is promising, as technological advancements and environmental concerns ___(18)___. As governments worldwide implement stricter emissions regulations and offer incentives for EV adoption, manufacturers are investing heavily in research and development. ___(19)___, resulting in longer ranges and faster charging times. For instance, new solid-state batteries have the potential to enhance energy density and safety, making EVs more practical for everyday use.

Additionally, the rise of autonomous driving technology is set to revolutionize the way we interact with vehicles. Many electric models are now equipped with advanced driver-assistance systems ___(20)___. Furthermore, the Integration of smart technology allows for seamless connectivity, enabling drivers to monitor their vehicle's performance and locate charging Stations through mobile apps.

As charging infrastructure continues to expand, ___(21)___, the convenience of owning an EV is increasing. This transition to electric vehicles not only promises a reduction in carbon emissions but also fosters a cleaner, healthier environment. Overall, ___(22)___ and sustainable transportation.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

Urban farming, or the practice of growing food within city limits, has gained popularity worldwide. As cities expand and populations grow, there is increasing pressure on food supplies, making urban farming an appealing solution. From rooftop gardens to community plots, urban farms can help produce fresh, local food in areas that are typically food deserts. Additionally, they provide green spaces in densely populated areas, contributing to environmental sustainability.

Urban farming also has social benefits. It encourages community engagement and provides educational opportunities for residents. People can learn about sustainable agriculture, food production, and environmental conservation. Furthermore, urban farms can offer job opportunities, particularly in underprivileged neighborhoods, where employment options are often limited. By creating jobs and encouraging healthy eating, urban farms positively impact the health and well-being of local communities.

However, urban farming is not without its challenges. One significant issue is space; cities are crowded, and land is scarce. Finding suitable plots for farming can be difficult and expensive. There are also regulatory hurdles, as some cities have strict zoning laws that limit agricultural activities. Additionally, urban soil can be contaminated with pollutants, making it unsuitable for food production. Despite these obstacles, innovative solutions, such as hydroponics and vertical farming, are making urban farming more feasible.

In the future, urban farming could play a vital role in food security. As climate change and urbanization continue, local food sources will become increasingly important. By reducing dependency on long supply chains, urban farming can ensure that cities remain resilient in the face of global challenges.

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of urban farming mentioned in the passage?

Read the following passage and choose the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

Smart cities are designed to make life easier and more efficient for people. In a smart city, technology plays a big role in managing important services. (24) __________, there are systems that control traffic lights to reduce traffic jams and help people get to their destinations faster. Public transportation, like buses and trains, runs on time because it uses data to plan the best routes. Energy is also saved by using smart streetlights that turn on and off automatically. (25) __________ important feature of smart cities is their focus on the environment. Many smart cities use renewable energy sources, like solar and wind power, to reduce pollution. Additionally, smart homes allow people to control devices like lights and heaters through apps on their phones. All of these features work together to create a city (26) __________ is safer, cleaner, and more comfortable to live in. By integrating these technologies, smart cities aim to create safer, greener, and more comfortable living environments. More cities are adopting these solutions to (27) __________ the growing needs of their populations and improve living standards. (28) __________ cities are moving toward this model to improve the quality of life for their citizens.

Read the following passage about the urban shift and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

[I] Landslides are a significant environmental challenge in the northern mountainous provinces of Vietnam, partiCularly during the rainy season. The region, characterized by steep slopes and heavy rainfall, is prone to this natural disaster, which poses serious threats to both the local population and infrastructure. [II] ln recent years, numerous landslides have occurred, often triggered by prolonged periods of heavy rain, resulting in devastating impacts on communities and livelihoods.

The mountainous terrain, combined with deforestation and improper land use, exacerbates the risk of landslides. [III] As farmers clear forests for agriculture, the natural vegetation that stabilizes the soil is lost, making slopes more susceptible to erosion. When heavy rains saturate the soil, it can quickly become unstable, leading to sudden and destructive landslides. [IV]

In response to this growing threat, local authorities and environmental organizations are taking proactive measures to mitigate the risks associated with landslides. Efforts include reforestation projects, improving drainage systems, and raising public awareness about safe practices du ring the rainy season. Additionally, advanced monitoring systems are being implemented to provide early warnings, allowing communities to evacuate before a disaster strikes.

Despite these efforts, the challenges remain significant, and ongoing education and support for sustainable land management practices are crucial for reducing the incidence and impact of landslides in northern Vietnam.

Where in this passage does the following sentence best fit?

These events not only destroy homes and roads but also disrupt essential services such as education and healthcare.

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

VOLUNTEERS FOR GREEN CAMPAIGN

Our club would like to recruit ___(7)___ for our Green Campaign.

Are you ___(8)___ 15 years old? And do you really wish ___(9)___ a difference?

Please volunteer for our Green Lifestyle initiative, ___(10)___ clean up our communities and nurture disadvantaged children.

Make an impact, one action at a time!

Embrace a fulfilling experience that not only cares for the environment but also ___(11)___ the lives of those in need.

Together, let's create a sustainable future and spread kindness.

___(12)___ interested in our campaign, please sign up!