Read the following passage about urbanization and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

It's a widely held belief that cities harm the environment. For this reason, many developing countries have imposed restrictions on the movement of people from rural to urban areas and on the size of large cities. But there are problems with this viewpoint. Urbanization that is properly controlled can benefit the environment in a number of ways.

First, urbanization is a highly productive force due to the combination of economies of scale and positive externalities. Over 5.5 times as much is produced in Asia's cities as in its rural areas. Urban agglomeration makes it possible to use fewer resources to produce the same amount of work as non-urban areas. Urbanization therefore reduces the environmental impact. Urbanization is necessary because the service sector depends on a concentration of clients. The growth of service industries, which typically generate less waste than manufacturing, is another environmentally beneficial aspect of urbanization.

Second, for any given population, high urban density has no effect on the environment. According to urban economics studies, density is one of the most significant factors influencing energy consumption. In places with a high population density, public transportation may be more convenient and quicker. City dwellers are more likely to walk or ride a bike instead of drive. Third, the construction, upkeep, and operation of environmentally friendly public services and infrastructure, such as waste management, sanitation, and piped water, are considerably simpler and less expensive in urban areas. More people can now afford to use eco-friendly facilities and services thanks to urbanization.

Fourth, urbanization is driving the development of new technologies, including eco-friendly ones. Eco-friendly vehicles, utilities, and equipment are essential to the green economy's long-term survival. Asia's enormous market will support green innovations in cities because the region's enormous population will provide entrepreneurs with many incentives and opportunities to invest in the development of energy-efficient products. Last but not least, the improved standard of living brought about by urbanization has improved access to housing, food, healthcare, and education. Cities with more residents can invest more in infrastructure, which reduces traffic and improves public health. Urbanization fosters pro-environmental attitudes, especially among middle-class property owners, which greatly aid in the introduction and enforcement of environmental laws and regulations.

Any expanding city will inevitably incur expenses. People are moving in large numbers to Asian cities, and many companies have opened offices there to capitalize on this trend. Examples of industrial operations that contribute to urban sprawl and harm the environment include the generation of electricity, transportation, construction, trash, and waste disposal. Both the advantages and disadvantages of urbanization should be taken into account when assessing its effects on the environment.

 

Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 2?

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of thefollowing questions from 13 to 17.

a. Susan: You’re right. But life in the city can be exciting, too

b. Susan: What do you think about life in the city, Phi?

c. Susan: There’s lots of entertainment in the city.

d. Phil: Life in the city can be stressful because there’s heavy traffic.

e. Phil: What do you mean?

Read the following passage about the urban shift and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

[I] Global urbanisation has increased significantly in recent decades, and one of the main drivers of this growth has been rural migration. [II] Half of the world's population already resides in cities, and by 2050, experts predict that number to reach as high as two-thirds. [III] Many factors contribute to this global phenomenon, which then gives rise to various issues. [IV]

There are many push factors which force people away from rural life. For example, rural residents have fewer employment options because there are not many large companies nearby. What's more, rural jobs are mainly related to agriculture, so crop failures due to natural disasters can make it difficult to earn a good living. By contrast, there are pull factors that attract people to urban life. Urban areas have more industries, so people can easily get good jobs and achieve a higher standard of living. They also offer entertainment alternatives, such as theme parks, sporting and musical events, allowing urban citizens to access leisure activities easily.

In the process of urbanisation, rural migration causes various far-reaching impacts on the environment and urban citizens. First, deforestation occurs when city governments have forests cut down to build accommodation for new residents, which harms the environment and reduces air quality. As growing populations bring about more deforestation and pollution, the air quality worsens, which can lead to health issues for residents. Second, due to population expansion, cities are struggling to offer adequate public facilities for urban people. As a result, some low- income people are unable to obtain the necessary affordable housing and end up living in slums, where the quality of life is very poor.

Rural migration is a complicated process, of which the causes and the effects should be fully comprehended. By carefully planning city development and suitable social policies, we can provide urban citizens with good public services, exciting job opportunities and a high quality of life without harming the environment.

(Adapted from Bright)

Question 38: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12. 

WELCOME TO GREEN HOME RESIDENCE

Discover Green Home Residence – a modern apartment complex designed to elevate your lifestyle. With (7)______of amenities, including a gym, swimming pool, and lush gardens, this is more than just a place to live – it’s a community where comfort meets convenience.

At Green Home, we believe in fostering connections. Residents can easily interact and support one (8)______ in a friendly, vibrant environment.

Understanding the common (9)______faced by urban homeowners, we’ve carefully planned solutions to minimize noise, improve ventilation, and provide ample parking spaces.

Our skilled (10)______are always ready to assist you in choosing the perfect unit and answering any questions you may have about the property.

We’ve (11)______with innovative architectural designs that maximize natural light and energy efficiency, ensuring sustainability and comfort in every apartment.

(12)______, Green Home Residence is conveniently located near schools, shopping centers, and major highways, making it the ideal choice for families and professionals alike.

Don’t wait – visit us today and experience the future of urban living at Green Home Residence!

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

Urbanization is the movement of people from the country to cities and the growth of urban areas. It happens because there are often more opportunities in cities. However, when a city's population grows too quickly, it causes problems. Here are a few persistent problems caused by urbanization and some ideas to solve them.

Poverty: Urban areas have a higher cost of living, which means many people have to live in slums. These areas have high crime rates and only basic sanitation, and the people living there often have no access to healthcare. A solution for these issues would be to increase the number of social workers and police and have them provide service to these areas. A better, but more expensive one, would be to remove all the old buildings and houses, and have the city government build better quality, low-cost housing.

Pollution: Large populations create lots of waste. This can be too much for sanitation services to handle, so some areas can get very dirty. One option is to have volunteers clean up these places and have more trash cans installed. Another might be to have police give large fines to people who throw litter on the ground.

Traffic: People in cities often use private cars to get to work and school. This leads to heavy road congestion and causes lots of air pollution. To solve this problem, many cities don't let people drive private vehicles in the city center. This can reduce the amount of traffic by making people use public transportation.

In conclusion, urbanization can cause a lot of problems for people living in cities. Poor living standards. unclean environments, and congested traffic are just some of the issues. Solving the problems of urbanization is one of the biggest challenges for modern society.

Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence:

"Solving the problems of urbanization is one of the biggest challenges for modern society."

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

Urbanization is the movement of people from the country to cities and the growth of urban areas. It happens because there are often more opportunities in cities. However, when a city's population grows too quickly, it causes problems. Here are a few persistent problems caused by urbanization and some ideas to solve them.

Poverty: Urban areas have a higher cost of living, which means many people have to live in slums. These areas have high crime rates and only basic sanitation, and the people living there often have no access to healthcare. A solution for these issues would be to increase the number of social workers and police and have them provide service to these areas. A better, but more expensive one, would be to remove all the old buildings and houses, and have the city government build better quality, low-cost housing.

Pollution: Large populations create lots of waste. This can be too much for sanitation services to handle, so some areas can get very dirty. One option is to have volunteers clean up these places and have more trash cans installed. Another might be to have police give large fines to people who throw litter on the ground.

Traffic: People in cities often use private cars to get to work and school. This leads to heavy road congestion and causes lots of air pollution. To solve this problem, many cities don't let people drive private vehicles in the city center. This can reduce the amount of traffic by making people use public transportation.

In conclusion, urbanization can cause a lot of problems for people living in cities. Poor living standards. unclean environments, and congested traffic are just some of the issues. Solving the problems of urbanization is one of the biggest challenges for modern society.

According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Read the following passage about urbanization and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

[I] Urbanization refers to the increasing population shift from rural to urban areas, resulting in the growth of cities and metropolitan regions (Hall, 2014). [II] This phenomenon is driven by various factors, including economic opportunities, improved living standards, and social amenities available in urban centers. [III] As a result, urbanization significantly impacts both individuals and communities, leading to a range of benefits and challenges (Davis, 2016). [IV]

One of the primary advantages of urbanization is the economic growth it fosters. Cities often provide a plethora of job opportunities, attracting individuals seeking better employment and higher incomes. In urban areas, businesses flourish due to increased demand for goods and services, leading to enhanced economic productivity. Moreover, urbanization encourages innovation and technological advancements, as a dense concentration of people often fosters creativity and collaboration (Florida, 2017).

However, urbanization also presents significant challenges. Rapid population growth in cities can lead to overcrowding, straining public services such as transportation, healthcare, and education. Many urban areas struggle to provide adequate housing, resulting in the proliferation of informal settlements and slums. According to the United Nations (2018), nearly one billion people live in slums, lacking access to basic services. They also face adverse living conditions. This situation exacerbates social inequality and can lead to increased crime rates and health issues.

To address the challenges of urbanization, sustainable urban planning is essential. Governments and urban planners must prioritize creating inclusive, well-connected cities that provide access to essential services for all residents. Strategies such as developing affordable housing, enhancing public transport systems, and promoting green spaces can help improve the quality of life in urban areas while mitigating the negative impacts of urbanization  

Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

Urbanization is the movement of people from the country to cities and the growth of urban areas. It happens because there are often more opportunities in cities. However, when a city's population grows too quickly, it causes problems. Here are a few persistent problems caused by urbanization and some ideas to solve them.

Poverty: Urban areas have a higher cost of living, which means many people have to live in slums. These areas have high crime rates and only basic sanitation, and the people living there often have no access to healthcare. A solution for these issues would be to increase the number of social workers and police and have them provide service to these areas. A better, but more expensive one, would be to remove all the old buildings and houses, and have the city government build better quality, low-cost housing.

Pollution: Large populations create lots of waste. This can be too much for sanitation services to handle, so some areas can get very dirty. One option is to have volunteers clean up these places and have more trash cans installed. Another might be to have police give large fines to people who throw litter on the ground.

Traffic: People in cities often use private cars to get to work and school. This leads to heavy road congestion and causes lots of air pollution. To solve this problem, many cities don't let people drive private vehicles in the city center. This can reduce the amount of traffic by making people use public transportation.

In conclusion, urbanization can cause a lot of problems for people living in cities. Poor living standards. unclean environments, and congested traffic are just some of the issues. Solving the problems of urbanization is one of the biggest challenges for modern society.

In which paragraph does the author discuss possible solutions to poverty?

Read the following passage about urbanization and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

[I] Urbanization refers to the increasing population shift from rural to urban areas, resulting in the growth of cities and metropolitan regions (Hall, 2014). [II] This phenomenon is driven by various factors, including economic opportunities, improved living standards, and social amenities available in urban centers. [III] As a result, urbanization significantly impacts both individuals and communities, leading to a range of benefits and challenges (Davis, 2016). [IV]

One of the primary advantages of urbanization is the economic growth it fosters. Cities often provide a plethora of job opportunities, attracting individuals seeking better employment and higher incomes. In urban areas, businesses flourish due to increased demand for goods and services, leading to enhanced economic productivity. Moreover, urbanization encourages innovation and technological advancements, as a dense concentration of people often fosters creativity and collaboration (Florida, 2017).

However, urbanization also presents significant challenges. Rapid population growth in cities can lead to overcrowding, straining public services such as transportation, healthcare, and education. Many urban areas struggle to provide adequate housing, resulting in the proliferation of informal settlements and slums. According to the United Nations (2018), nearly one billion people live in slums, lacking access to basic services. They also face adverse living conditions. This situation exacerbates social inequality and can lead to increased crime rates and health issues.

To address the challenges of urbanization, sustainable urban planning is essential. Governments and urban planners must prioritize creating inclusive, well-connected cities that provide access to essential services for all residents. Strategies such as developing affordable housing, enhancing public transport systems, and promoting green spaces can help improve the quality of life in urban areas while mitigating the negative impacts of urbanization  

Which of the following best summarizes the passage?

Read the following passage about the urban shift and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

[I] Global urbanisation has increased significantly in recent decades, and one of the main drivers of this growth has been rural migration. [II] Half of the world's population already resides in cities, and by 2050, experts predict that number to reach as high as two-thirds. [III] Many factors contribute to this global phenomenon, which then gives rise to various issues. [IV]

There are many push factors which force people away from rural life. For example, rural residents have fewer employment options because there are not many large companies nearby. What's more, rural jobs are mainly related to agriculture, so crop failures due to natural disasters can make it difficult to earn a good living. By contrast, there are pull factors that attract people to urban life. Urban areas have more industries, so people can easily get good jobs and achieve a higher standard of living. They also offer entertainment alternatives, such as theme parks, sporting and musical events, allowing urban citizens to access leisure activities easily.

In the process of urbanisation, rural migration causes various far-reaching impacts on the environment and urban citizens. First, deforestation occurs when city governments have forests cut down to build accommodation for new residents, which harms the environment and reduces air quality. As growing populations bring about more deforestation and pollution, the air quality worsens, which can lead to health issues for residents. Second, due to population expansion, cities are struggling to offer adequate public facilities for urban people. As a result, some low- income people are unable to obtain the necessary affordable housing and end up living in slums, where the quality of life is very poor.

Rural migration is a complicated process, of which the causes and the effects should be fully comprehended. By carefully planning city development and suitable social policies, we can provide urban citizens with good public services, exciting job opportunities and a high quality of life without harming the environment.

(Adapted from Bright)

Question 33: The word They in paragraph 2 refers to _____.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions

Ha Noi Then and Now

The 'Ha Noi Then and Now' exhibition has drawn thousands of visitors this week. The photos evoke childhood memories for older residents while giving younger generations a glimpse into how the city has transformed over time. Through the exhibition, people from all walks of life can connect with the essence of Ha Noi, whether they are locals or newcomers curious about its history and development.

In the 'Then' hall, pictures vividly depict 20th-century Ha Noi. In 1954, the city had about 530,000 residents in an area of 152 sq km. The Old Quarter, dating back hundreds of years, comprised streets dedicated to specific trades and crafts that shaped the city's economy. Life was simpler; most people traveled by bicycle or on foot, as motorbikes and cars were luxuries that only a few could afford. Trains, starting in 1901, were the primary mode of public transport until 1991, as buses were infrequent and inconvenient. People lived and worked in low-rise buildings, creating a close-knit community atmosphere. The city was a fascinating mixture of French colonial buildings and traditional Eastern architecture, blending the influences of its history and culture.

In contrast, the 'Now' hall showcases a dynamic and modern Ha Noi with over 8 million residents and an urban area exceeding 3,000 sq km. Many rural villages have been incorporated into the expanding city, transforming its landscape. To accommodate the growing population, the government is building affordable housing and high-rise apartments. Transport has improved significantly with the construction of new roads, bridges, and electric buses. The Ha Noi Metro, launched in 2021, represents a major step forward in public transit and is set to expand further by 2030, connecting more areas of the city.

Despite these advancements, urbanisation has introduced challenges. "The city is becoming overcrowded as people move in for job opportunities," said a 21-year-old student. This growth has caused traffic congestion, rising unemployment, and worsening air pollution, which are major concerns for residents.

Through this exhibition, visitors can appreciate Ha Noi's rich history while grappling with the complexities of its rapid development, understanding both its past and its future trajectory.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the consequences of urbanisation in Ha Noi Now?

Read the following passage about the urban shift and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

[I] Global urbanisation has increased significantly in recent decades, and one of the main drivers of this growth has been rural migration. [II] Half of the world's population already resides in cities, and by 2050, experts predict that number to reach as high as two-thirds. [III] Many factors contribute to this global phenomenon, which then gives rise to various issues. [IV]

There are many push factors which force people away from rural life. For example, rural residents have fewer employment options because there are not many large companies nearby. What's more, rural jobs are mainly related to agriculture, so crop failures due to natural disasters can make it difficult to earn a good living. By contrast, there are pull factors that attract people to urban life. Urban areas have more industries, so people can easily get good jobs and achieve a higher standard of living. They also offer entertainment alternatives, such as theme parks, sporting and musical events, allowing urban citizens to access leisure activities easily.

In the process of urbanisation, rural migration causes various far-reaching impacts on the environment and urban citizens. First, deforestation occurs when city governments have forests cut down to build accommodation for new residents, which harms the environment and reduces air quality. As growing populations bring about more deforestation and pollution, the air quality worsens, which can lead to health issues for residents. Second, due to population expansion, cities are struggling to offer adequate public facilities for urban people. As a result, some low- income people are unable to obtain the necessary affordable housing and end up living in slums, where the quality of life is very poor.

Rural migration is a complicated process, of which the causes and the effects should be fully comprehended. By carefully planning city development and suitable social policies, we can provide urban citizens with good public services, exciting job opportunities and a high quality of life without harming the environment.

(Adapted from Bright)

Question 35: Which of the following best summarises paragraph 3?

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17.

a. However, despite these advancements, the region still struggles with infrastructure challenges, as public transportation remains ins underdeveloped.

b. Over the past decade, Greystone has undergone a remarkable transformation, shifting from a quiet suburban town to a vibrant hub of commercial activity,

c. The influx of new residents has increased demand for housing, resulting in a rapid expansion of residential developments across the city.

d. This economic growth has attracted businesses from tech startups to retail giants, significantly enhancing employment opportunities and boosting the local economy.

e. The surge in population, along with the expansion of commercial sectors, has led to a noticeable strain on public services and transportation networks.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

Urbanization is the movement of people from the country to cities and the growth of urban areas. It happens because there are often more opportunities in cities. However, when a city's population grows too quickly, it causes problems. Here are a few persistent problems caused by urbanization and some ideas to solve them.

Poverty: Urban areas have a higher cost of living, which means many people have to live in slums. These areas have high crime rates and only basic sanitation, and the people living there often have no access to healthcare. A solution for these issues would be to increase the number of social workers and police and have them provide service to these areas. A better, but more expensive one, would be to remove all the old buildings and houses, and have the city government build better quality, low-cost housing.

Pollution: Large populations create lots of waste. This can be too much for sanitation services to handle, so some areas can get very dirty. One option is to have volunteers clean up these places and have more trash cans installed. Another might be to have police give large fines to people who throw litter on the ground.

Traffic: People in cities often use private cars to get to work and school. This leads to heavy road congestion and causes lots of air pollution. To solve this problem, many cities don't let people drive private vehicles in the city center. This can reduce the amount of traffic by making people use public transportation.

In conclusion, urbanization can cause a lot of problems for people living in cities. Poor living standards. unclean environments, and congested traffic are just some of the issues. Solving the problems of urbanization is one of the biggest challenges for modern society.

In which paragraph does the author mention how private cars affect urban life?

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C and D on your answer sheer to indicate the option that best fit each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12

LIVING IN A MODERN CITY

"How will I navigate this city? Will it be exciting or will it be really (7) _____?" Are these the questions that you often ask yourself before a (8) _____? But that’s all going to change! A new urban development project has introduced a system (9) _____ 'Smart City'. Now you can connect with your community and access resources efficiently. When you move into the city, you can explore local services (10) _____ everyone in the area. You will also see what’s available in your neighborhood. Then you can choose what amenities you want to utilize. If you want to learn about events and (11) _____ community groups, check out the city’s online platform. And if you prefer (12) _____ nature and visiting parks, look at the environmental initiatives!

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12. 

WELCOME TO GREEN HOME RESIDENCE

Discover Green Home Residence – a modern apartment complex designed to elevate your lifestyle. With (7)______of amenities, including a gym, swimming pool, and lush gardens, this is more than just a place to live – it’s a community where comfort meets convenience.

At Green Home, we believe in fostering connections. Residents can easily interact and support one (8)______ in a friendly, vibrant environment.

Understanding the common (9)______faced by urban homeowners, we’ve carefully planned solutions to minimize noise, improve ventilation, and provide ample parking spaces.

Our skilled (10)______are always ready to assist you in choosing the perfect unit and answering any questions you may have about the property.

We’ve (11)______with innovative architectural designs that maximize natural light and energy efficiency, ensuring sustainability and comfort in every apartment.

(12)______, Green Home Residence is conveniently located near schools, shopping centers, and major highways, making it the ideal choice for families and professionals alike.

Don’t wait – visit us today and experience the future of urban living at Green Home Residence!

Read the following passage about the urban shift and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

[I] Global urbanisation has increased significantly in recent decades, and one of the main drivers of this growth has been rural migration. [II] Half of the world's population already resides in cities, and by 2050, experts predict that number to reach as high as two-thirds. [III] Many factors contribute to this global phenomenon, which then gives rise to various issues. [IV]

There are many push factors which force people away from rural life. For example, rural residents have fewer employment options because there are not many large companies nearby. What's more, rural jobs are mainly related to agriculture, so crop failures due to natural disasters can make it difficult to earn a good living. By contrast, there are pull factors that attract people to urban life. Urban areas have more industries, so people can easily get good jobs and achieve a higher standard of living. They also offer entertainment alternatives, such as theme parks, sporting and musical events, allowing urban citizens to access leisure activities easily.

In the process of urbanisation, rural migration causes various far-reaching impacts on the environment and urban citizens. First, deforestation occurs when city governments have forests cut down to build accommodation for new residents, which harms the environment and reduces air quality. As growing populations bring about more deforestation and pollution, the air quality worsens, which can lead to health issues for residents. Second, due to population expansion, cities are struggling to offer adequate public facilities for urban people. As a result, some low- income people are unable to obtain the necessary affordable housing and end up living in slums, where the quality of life is very poor.

Rural migration is a complicated process, of which the causes and the effects should be fully comprehended. By carefully planning city development and suitable social policies, we can provide urban citizens with good public services, exciting job opportunities and a high quality of life without harming the environment.

(Adapted from Bright)

Question 32: The phrase gives rise to in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by _____.

Read the following passage about smart growth and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

Smart Growth

           Recently, experts have tried to curb the spread of suburban sprawl, or at least create urban areas that are developed more purposefully. This is known as "smart growth." City planners create communities that are designed for more walking and less dependency on cars. Some developers recover old communities in downtown urban areas, rather than develop the next piece of farmland or wilderness.

           U.S. states such as Oregon are passing laws to prevent unplanned urban sprawl. They have created boundaries around cities that limit the growth of development. Officials have created laws stating that the minimum size of a plot of land is 32 hectares (80 acres). This is to prevent developers from creating suburban communities. An 80-acre plot of land is financially impractical for a single-family home!

           Other smart-growth communities are creating new types of development. Some have large amounts of undeveloped "green space," organic farms, and lakes. Urban areas typically drain the water from rain and snow, which cannot collect in the paved-over grounD. Rather than use drainage pipes and ditches, smart-growth communities create wetlands designed to filter storm runoff.

           More city planners are developing urban areas by considering their geography. Engineers construct buildings that integrate seamlessly with the surrounding environment, drawing upon natural resources. White roofs, for example, reflect the sun's rays and lower the cost of air conditioning. Homebuilders in urban areas as diverse as Los Angeles, California, U.S., and the island communities of Greece create homes and businesses with white plaster or tile roofs for this reason.

           There is also a move toward preserving and maintaining more green areas and planting more trees in urban areas. Landscape designers often consult with city planners to incorporate parks with development.

Which of the following is NOT TRUE, according to paragraphs 2 and 3?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

Urban farming, or the practice of growing food within city limits, has gained popularity worldwide. As cities expand and populations grow, there is increasing pressure on food supplies, making urban farming an appealing solution. From rooftop gardens to community plots, urban farms can help produce fresh, local food in areas that are typically food deserts. Additionally, they provide green spaces in densely populated areas, contributing to environmental sustainability.

Urban farming also has social benefits. It encourages community engagement and provides educational opportunities for residents. People can learn about sustainable agriculture, food production, and environmental conservation. Furthermore, urban farms can offer job opportunities, particularly in underprivileged neighborhoods, where employment options are often limited. By creating jobs and encouraging healthy eating, urban farms positively impact the health and well-being of local communities.

However, urban farming is not without its challenges. One significant issue is space; cities are crowded, and land is scarce. Finding suitable plots for farming can be difficult and expensive. There are also regulatory hurdles, as some cities have strict zoning laws that limit agricultural activities. Additionally, urban soil can be contaminated with pollutants, making it unsuitable for food production. Despite these obstacles, innovative solutions, such as hydroponics and vertical farming, are making urban farming more feasible.

In the future, urban farming could play a vital role in food security. As climate change and urbanization continue, local food sources will become increasingly important. By reducing dependency on long supply chains, urban farming can ensure that cities remain resilient in the face of global challenges.

The word "feasible" in paragraph 3 is CLOSEST in meaning to _______.

Read the following passage about urbanization and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

[I] Urbanization refers to the increasing population shift from rural to urban areas, resulting in the growth of cities and metropolitan regions (Hall, 2014). [II] This phenomenon is driven by various factors, including economic opportunities, improved living standards, and social amenities available in urban centers. [III] As a result, urbanization significantly impacts both individuals and communities, leading to a range of benefits and challenges (Davis, 2016). [IV]

One of the primary advantages of urbanization is the economic growth it fosters. Cities often provide a plethora of job opportunities, attracting individuals seeking better employment and higher incomes. In urban areas, businesses flourish due to increased demand for goods and services, leading to enhanced economic productivity. Moreover, urbanization encourages innovation and technological advancements, as a dense concentration of people often fosters creativity and collaboration (Florida, 2017).

However, urbanization also presents significant challenges. Rapid population growth in cities can lead to overcrowding, straining public services such as transportation, healthcare, and education. Many urban areas struggle to provide adequate housing, resulting in the proliferation of informal settlements and slums. According to the United Nations (2018), nearly one billion people live in slums, lacking access to basic services. They also face adverse living conditions. This situation exacerbates social inequality and can lead to increased crime rates and health issues.

To address the challenges of urbanization, sustainable urban planning is essential. Governments and urban planners must prioritize creating inclusive, well-connected cities that provide access to essential services for all residents. Strategies such as developing affordable housing, enhancing public transport systems, and promoting green spaces can help improve the quality of life in urban areas while mitigating the negative impacts of urbanization  

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?