Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

It was Henry _________ to help us.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Nepal has made important progress over the past few years to promote equality, but the country still has one of the highest rates of child marriage in the world. 41% of Nepalese girls are married before the age of 18.

Poverty is both a cause and consequence of child marriage in Nepal. Girls from the wealthiest families marry 2 years later than those from the poorest, who are seen as an economic burden, and who drop out of school and earn little money.

Food insecurity plays an important role too. Nepalese families that do not have enough food to eat are more likely to marry their daughters at a young age to decrease the financial burden. One study shows that 91% of people who had secure access to food married over the age of 19.

Dowry is also common practice in many communities. Parents marry their daughters as soon as possible because the money they have to pay to the groom’s family is higher if their daughter is older. Since 2010, the legal age of marriage is 20 for both men and women, or 18 with parental consent, according to the Nepalese Country Code.

The law states that punishment for child marriage is imprisonment for up to three years and a fine of up to 10,000 rupees (£102). But reports suggest that this law is rarely applied. There has been quite a lot of progress in Nepal over the past 3 years with a clear government commitment to ending child marriage and civil society cooperation. The Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare is currently developing Nepal’s first national strategy on child marriage in collaboration with UNICEF Nepal and Girls Not Brides Nepal. However, the post-earthquake and post-fuel crisis environment has meant progress is slow and the national strategy has been delayed.

According to the last paragraph, how many years will a rule-breaker spend in jail?

Read the following leaflet/notice and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

TACKLING INCOME INEQUALITY: A PATH TO FAIRER OPPORTUNITIES

What is Income Inequality?

Income inequality occurs when there is a significant gap between what different groups of people earn. In the past 50 years, this gap (7) __________, especially in the U.S. It's important to note that income inequality is different from wealth inequality—income refers to (8) __________ and wages, while wealth focuses on assets and net worth.

Why Does Income Inequality Exist?

✔ Technology: While tech improvements bring benefits, they have also led to job losses for some workers and lower wages for (9) __________ with less education.

✔ Gender and Race: Women and people of color tend to earn (10) __________ than men and white people in similar jobs.

✔ Education: People without higher education earn less money compared to those with college degrees or higher.

How Can We Reduce Income Inequality?

✔ Government Policies: Governments should (11) __________ when the free market doesn't provide equal opportunities for everyone.

✔ Education and Healthcare: Providing better access (12) __________ education and healthcare can help reduce income inequality.

✔ Let's work together for a more equal world!

Read the following passage and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

☛ Join Us for a Unique Workshop on Cultural Heritage!

✔ Date: 25–29 November

✔ Location: Bucharest, Romania

Discover how to safeguard (1) _______ while promoting sustainable development in communities! This capacity-building workshop focuses on empowering local participation, ensuring social equity, and (2) _______ sustainable growth.

Who Should Attend?

(3) _______ in:

✔ Culture management

✔ Museology

✔ Environmental conservation

✔ Heritage education

✔ Youth engagement

✔ Community initiatives and local development

What's in It for You?

✔ Practical skills and knowledge for cultural heritage safeguarding.

✔ Insights (4) _______ sustainable development and community empowerment.

✔ Opportunities to network with experts and peers.

(5) _______ by the Regional Centre for Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage in South-Eastern Europe, UNESCO, and the Ministry of Culture in Romania. Hosted at the National Museum of the Romanian Peasant in Bucharest.

Facilitators: Ms. Ioana Baskerville and Mr. Julio Sa Rego, UNESCO experts.

Don't miss this chance (6) _______ to preserving cultural heritage for a better future!

Register now!

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

1. A group of teenagers and young adults from the U.S. and the U.K. are among the most common cyber attackers today, according to Charles Carmakal, the CTO of Mandiant Consulting. He shared this information during a media briefing at the RSA Conference. They typically speak English as their first language and are very skilled at tricking people, also known as social engineering.

2. These young hackers were responsible for some of the biggest cyber attacks last year, including breaches at companies like Twilio, Uber, and Okta. The attack on Twilio affected at least 163 other victims, making the damage even worse. Carmakal said, "We've seen very young individuals break into some of the biggest organizations by leveraging these techniques that are so hard to defend against."

3. These attackers use personalized tricks to convince people to visit harmful websites and share sensitive information, like passwords and multi-factor authentication codes. Carmakal explained, "It's all traversing through the cellular network so enterprises aren't able to even monitor this and detect it," making it harder for companies to protect themselves.

4. Groups like Oktapus and Lapsus$ are known for using threats and harassment in their attacks. They target not only companies but also the families of employees. Carmakal shared, "It's a very different story if you're an executive of the company, and your daughter is being harassed by a threat actor." These personal attacks often make it more likely for victims to pay the ransom, as Carmakal said, "Your desire to pay or your willingness to pay shoots up tenfold when you're dealing with personal attacks."

In which paragraph does the author mention differences in approaches to handling attacks on different targets?

Read the following passage and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

☛ Join Us for a Unique Workshop on Cultural Heritage!

✔ Date: 25–29 November

✔ Location: Bucharest, Romania

Discover how to safeguard (1) _______ while promoting sustainable development in communities! This capacity-building workshop focuses on empowering local participation, ensuring social equity, and (2) _______ sustainable growth.

Who Should Attend?

(3) _______ in:

✔ Culture management

✔ Museology

✔ Environmental conservation

✔ Heritage education

✔ Youth engagement

✔ Community initiatives and local development

What's in It for You?

✔ Practical skills and knowledge for cultural heritage safeguarding.

✔ Insights (4) _______ sustainable development and community empowerment.

✔ Opportunities to network with experts and peers.

(5) _______ by the Regional Centre for Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage in South-Eastern Europe, UNESCO, and the Ministry of Culture in Romania. Hosted at the National Museum of the Romanian Peasant in Bucharest.

Facilitators: Ms. Ioana Baskerville and Mr. Julio Sa Rego, UNESCO experts.

Don't miss this chance (6) _______ to preserving cultural heritage for a better future!

Register now!

Read the following leaflet/notice and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

TACKLING INCOME INEQUALITY: A PATH TO FAIRER OPPORTUNITIES

What is Income Inequality?

Income inequality occurs when there is a significant gap between what different groups of people earn. In the past 50 years, this gap (7) __________, especially in the U.S. It's important to note that income inequality is different from wealth inequality—income refers to (8) __________ and wages, while wealth focuses on assets and net worth.

Why Does Income Inequality Exist?

✔ Technology: While tech improvements bring benefits, they have also led to job losses for some workers and lower wages for (9) __________ with less education.

✔ Gender and Race: Women and people of color tend to earn (10) __________ than men and white people in similar jobs.

✔ Education: People without higher education earn less money compared to those with college degrees or higher.

How Can We Reduce Income Inequality?

✔ Government Policies: Governments should (11) __________ when the free market doesn't provide equal opportunities for everyone.

✔ Education and Healthcare: Providing better access (12) __________ education and healthcare can help reduce income inequality.

✔ Let's work together for a more equal world!

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that bestfits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12. 

Protecting Our Cultural Heritage

• Cultural heritage is a precious gift handed down from our ancestors. It reflects the identity and (7) _______ of a community, connecting the past with the present and guiding us into the future. However, the effects of urbanization, climate change, and neglect have put many cultural sites (8) _______ risk.

❖ Key Challenges:

Each year, thousands of historic landmarks and artifacts are (9) _______ due to environmental factors or human activities. In addition, a lack of awareness among local communities has hindered efforts to protect these treasures for future generations.

❖ What Can We Do?

Promote cultural tourism while (10) _______ the integrity of heritage sites.

• Support educational programs that highlight the (11) _______ of preserving cultural artifacts.

• Encourage (12) _______ individuals to participate in conservation projects, such as restoring old buildings or cataloging historical documents.

By taking these steps, we can ensure that our cultural heritage survives the test of time and continues to inspire future generations.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Nepal has made important progress over the past few years to promote equality, but the country still has one of the highest rates of child marriage in the world. 41% of Nepalese girls are married before the age of 18.

Poverty is both a cause and consequence of child marriage in Nepal. Girls from the wealthiest families marry 2 years later than those from the poorest, who are seen as an economic burden, and who drop out of school and earn little money.

Food insecurity plays an important role too. Nepalese families that do not have enough food to eat are more likely to marry their daughters at a young age to decrease the financial burden. One study shows that 91% of people who had secure access to food married over the age of 19.

Dowry is also common practice in many communities. Parents marry their daughters as soon as possible because the money they have to pay to the groom’s family is higher if their daughter is older. Since 2010, the legal age of marriage is 20 for both men and women, or 18 with parental consent, according to the Nepalese Country Code.

The law states that punishment for child marriage is imprisonment for up to three years and a fine of up to 10,000 rupees (£102). But reports suggest that this law is rarely applied. There has been quite a lot of progress in Nepal over the past 3 years with a clear government commitment to ending child marriage and civil society cooperation. The Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare is currently developing Nepal’s first national strategy on child marriage in collaboration with UNICEF Nepal and Girls Not Brides Nepal. However, the post-earthquake and post-fuel crisis environment has meant progress is slow and the national strategy has been delayed.

The word "those" in paragraph 2 refers to ________.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

1. A group of teenagers and young adults from the U.S. and the U.K. are among the most common cyber attackers today, according to Charles Carmakal, the CTO of Mandiant Consulting. He shared this information during a media briefing at the RSA Conference. They typically speak English as their first language and are very skilled at tricking people, also known as social engineering.

2. These young hackers were responsible for some of the biggest cyber attacks last year, including breaches at companies like Twilio, Uber, and Okta. The attack on Twilio affected at least 163 other victims, making the damage even worse. Carmakal said, "We've seen very young individuals break into some of the biggest organizations by leveraging these techniques that are so hard to defend against."

3. These attackers use personalized tricks to convince people to visit harmful websites and share sensitive information, like passwords and multi-factor authentication codes. Carmakal explained, "It's all traversing through the cellular network so enterprises aren't able to even monitor this and detect it," making it harder for companies to protect themselves.

4. Groups like Oktapus and Lapsus$ are known for using threats and harassment in their attacks. They target not only companies but also the families of employees. Carmakal shared, "It's a very different story if you're an executive of the company, and your daughter is being harassed by a threat actor." These personal attacks often make it more likely for victims to pay the ransom, as Carmakal said, "Your desire to pay or your willingness to pay shoots up tenfold when you're dealing with personal attacks."

The word breaches in paragraph 2 is OPPOSITE in meaning to __________.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct option that best fits each of  the numbered blanks from 18 to 23. 

WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF PRESERVING CULTURAL HERITAGE?

The cultural heritage and its history show the identity and values of a country, which can be introduced to the world. Therefore, (18) _________such as historical sites, buildings, landmarks and even monuments. Another reason for preserving one's heritage and culture is that traditional values and customs should be passed down from one generation to the next. The value of this is very important for not only the minority groups (19) _________.

So, what can we do to help preserve cultural heritage?

It simply starts with (20)_______. A nation is able to preserve their cultural heritage through education. The future generation should be taught and encouraged to learn about the importance of the cultural heritage at school. In the modern world, social media also plays an extremely important role in creating awareness and (21)_______.

Besides, we should control local tourism and avoid (22) _______although it also helps us to introduce our cultural heritage. Each tourism destination should identify an acceptable level of travelers. This also helps to prevent overcrowding and (23) _______.We should begin to take an active role in conserving our cultural assets for future generations.

Read the following advertisement/ announcement and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your  answer sheet to indicate the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 10 to 15.

CITY CENTRE for COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Needs Volunteers!

- Interested (10)_______ community development projects?

- Have a couple of hours to spare at (11)_______ weekend?

->  (12)_______ now!!!

Location: Cau Giay, Ha Noi

Email: communitydevelopment@webmail.com

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

Preserving Africa's Cultural Heritage

1. Cultural preservation in Africa focuses on protecting both tangible and intangible heritage for future generations. This includes conserving artefacts, traditions, languages, and practices of cultural significance. The African Union High-Level Panel on Emerging Technologies (APET) recognizes 3D printing as a key tool in this effort. This cutting-edge technology offers a precise and non-invasive way to replicate and restore artefacts, buildings, and landmarks that are damaged or lost. By adding materials layer by layer, 3D printing allows detailed restoration and replication.

2. APET highlights how 3D printing is transforming cultural preservation. For example, the Iziko Museums in Cape Town use it to replicate San rock art, protecting the originals from damage. In Egypt, researchers use the technology to restore ancient hieroglyphs on temples. At Great Zimbabwe, 3D-printed bricks are being used for restoration where traditional materials are unavailable. These examples demonstrate the value of 3D printing in addressing restoration challenges.

3. Additionally, 3D printing makes cultural heritage more accessible by allowing museums to create replicas for travelling exhibits, bringing historical treasures to distant communities. Schools and universities use 3D-printed artefacts for hands-on learning, helping students connect with their history. Digital 3D scanning creates detailed models stored online, enabling global access and collaboration.

4. APET suggests that national 3D cultural preservation programmes can document heritage sites and train local communities in 3D technology. This approach not only protects heritage but also creates jobs and empowers communities. Open-access policies further encourage education and innovation using 3D models. Investing in 3D printing infrastructure for tourism and restoration can boost local economies. Integrating 3D printing into creative industries ensures Africa's heritage is protected while supporting economic growth.

Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that bestfits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12. 

Protecting Our Cultural Heritage

• Cultural heritage is a precious gift handed down from our ancestors. It reflects the identity and (7) _______ of a community, connecting the past with the present and guiding us into the future. However, the effects of urbanization, climate change, and neglect have put many cultural sites (8) _______ risk.

❖ Key Challenges:

Each year, thousands of historic landmarks and artifacts are (9) _______ due to environmental factors or human activities. In addition, a lack of awareness among local communities has hindered efforts to protect these treasures for future generations.

❖ What Can We Do?

Promote cultural tourism while (10) _______ the integrity of heritage sites.

• Support educational programs that highlight the (11) _______ of preserving cultural artifacts.

• Encourage (12) _______ individuals to participate in conservation projects, such as restoring old buildings or cataloging historical documents.

By taking these steps, we can ensure that our cultural heritage survives the test of time and continues to inspire future generations.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 34 to 40.

An education pioneer born into rural poverty in Nepal has opened 30 schools in a bid to boost prospects for his country’s children.

The World Bank ranks Nepal as the globe’s 31st poorest country, with almost 10 million people living on daily incomes between £1.48 and £2.50. Many rural villages remain unreached by government schooling and adult literacy stood at just 60 percent in 2011.

Surya Karki and his charity United World Schools Nepal (UWS) are tackling high illiteracy and poverty rates by funding and improving education.

The first school opened in 2015. Since then 92 percent of children have completed primary education, which finishes at age eight, and continued into secondary education with UWS schools, in comparison to 39 percent of students continuing education who attended government schools.

Mr Karki was born into poverty in rural Nepal. Speaking to the Telegraph he said: “School is the only solution to the poverty cycle that we live in. I was raised by a single mother in a male- dominated society. The school that I went to was approximately two hours walk away. My house was on top of a hill and my mother had to drag me across rivers. We used to walk 10 miles a day. The schooling was really bad.”

Karki’s mother was a firm believer in education, and at age eight Karki secured a scholarship to study in the capital, Kathmandu. From there he won scholarships and completed Master’s degrees in China and the United States. He returned to Nepal in 2015 and decided to stay and develop the education system. Karki said: “Inequalities in a country can only be decreased if there is access to knowledge.”

The devastating earthquake in 2015 damaged 9,300 schools, displacing hundreds of thousands of families and pushing 700,000 people into poverty. As of January 2018, only 2,891 schools had been rebuilt. Karki said: “We came at a crucial time, where we could redo or undo what had been done badly. Education was really bad in terms of infrastructure, quality of teachers and training. It was an opportunity for us to really make things better.”

UWS Nepal has so far built 30 schools and has seven more in construction. The schools run between 10 am and 3:30 pm, and have an 86 percent average attendance rate, which Karki says is almost double the attendance rate for government schools in the vicinity. Sexual health classes are taught to the children in the later years.

What can we learn about Nepal from the passage?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the  correct answer to each of the questions

Bullying, intentional harm-doing or harassment that is directed toward vulnerable targets and typically repeated. Bullying encompasses a wide range of malicious aggressive behaviours, including physical violence, verbal mockery, threats, ostracism, and rumors spread either orally or by other means of communication, such as the Internet.

Bullying in educational settings remains a commonplace everyday experience. In Europe significant attention to school bullying began in the early 1970s, in part because of the efforts of Olweus, as well as a widely publicized trio of victim suicides in Norway in 1983. A spate of school shootings in the late 1990s brought further media attention to the subject of school bullying, and concern was renewed during a later series of bullying-related suicides in Canada and the United States. A US national study published at the turn of the 21st century documented that bullying and other forms of aggression affected approximately 30 percent, or 5.7 million, middle-to-high-school students in the then-current school term.

Although the root causes of bullying remain unclear, its consequences for victims are abundantly apparent. The U.S Secret Service in conjunction with the U.S Department of Education found that bullying was a factor in the majority of “incidents of targeted school violence” in the last two and a half decades of the 20th century. Victimization is also significantly related to suicidal ideation, social isolation, anxiety and depression, low self-esteem, physical health problems, and diminished academic performance and school attachment. Many of these effects can last well into adulthood.

However, victims are not the only ones who suffer from bullying. For many outcomes, bully-victims often fare the worst on a variety of measures, but pure bullies also experience difficulties. They are at increased risk of subsequent mental health problems and are likely to encounter difficulty maintaining positive relationships as adults. More significantly, bullies are considerably more likely to be convicted of crimes and incarcerated as young adults.

Some youth nevertheless use bullying as a way to gain social status among peers. These adolescents may be more strategic in how they choose their targets, and they are also likely to be among the more popular students in school. For at least some of them, bullying and harassment effectively boost their status and influence among schoolmates by winning the admiration of peers or by tearing down social rivals. Generally speaking, however, bullying is more effective at harming victims than aiding aggressors

The word “incarcerated” in paragraph 4 mostly means ______.

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Call for Ideas: Restoration of Hue Imperial City

Are you passionate about preserving cultural heritage? Join us in an exciting competition to develop innovative ideas for restoring the majestic Hue Imperial City, a UNESCO-recognized historical (7)______ and one of Vietnam’s most treasured landmarks.

This competition invites individuals and teams to (8)______ creative solutions that honor the city’s historical significance while embracing sustainable practices. Participants are encouraged to suggest restoring iconic structures, reviving cultural traditions, and improving the site’s accessibility for visitors.

(9)______ restoration proposals, we welcome other ideas that could enhance the preservation and promotion of this extraordinary site. From landscaping designs to modern digital integration, the possibilities are endless!

The competition aims to give (10)______to a diverse community of architects, historians, students, and enthusiasts. We believe that collaboration across a wide (11)______of perspectives will lead to meaningful and impactful outcomes.

Winners will have the opportunity to see their ideas brought to life and contribute to the preservation of a cherished piece of history.

Submit your proposal today and play a role in restoring the grandeur of the Hue Imperial City for (12)______ successive generations!

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

Protecting the Tràng An Cultural Heritage Complex

Tràng An is one of Vietnam’s most famous (1) ______, recognized by UNESCO for its stunning landscapes and historical significance. However, preserving this treasure requires collective effort.

To enhance visitor experiences, tours are arranged (2) ______ designated routes, reducing human impact on fragile ecosystems. It’s likely that the site will suffer serious damage if conservation efforts are not strengthened.

Local authorities appreciate people (3) ______ in cleanup campaigns and awareness programs. Tour guides and conservation workers (4) ______ turns to monitor the area, ensuring its protection.

Unfortunately, some visitors harm the environment. Experts blame the damage (5) ______ mass tourism, which causes littering, erosion, and pollution. Sustainable tourism practices, such as limiting visitor numbers and enforcing strict regulations, are essential.

To protect Tràng An, we must act (6) ______ . Respect the rules, avoid littering, and support eco-friendly tourism. By doing so, we help preserve this breathtaking heritage for future generations.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer for each of the blanks.

        Different relationships affect teenagers in various ways. Friends impact teenagers (18) __________. Teenagers go to their friends for help or to ask questions that they could not ask their parents about. Most of the time their friends give them good advice. In most cases they tell their friends how to dress and act (19) __________ .Love relationships just make it even harder for a teenager to get a good education. Some start to fail in school (20) __________ .Parents have a big influence on teenagers because their children look up to them and the majority of them grow up to act and do things just like their parents did with them. Children (21) __________ may have lower achievements than children brought up in an intact family.As previously stated, teenagers are affected by many relationships which involve their friends, family, and their love relationships. The relationships affect them so much that (22) __________about how they should live their lives in a different way and to change their future goals. They should be influenced to help (23) __________ or to help others.

You will hear five people talking about the most important inventions of the 20th century. Listen and choose the reasons they give for their choices. Question 36 to 40.

Computers ________.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

1. Natural hazards cause significant harm to both people and cultural heritage. They damage tangible heritage, such as buildings and infrastructure, as well as intangible heritage, like traditions, social values, and emotional connections to places. World Heritage sites, which protect both cultural and natural heritage, are also at risk. Disasters disrupt cultural systems, making communities more susceptible during and after these events.

2. [I] Culture plays an important role in how people view risks and respond to hazards. [II] From there, culture also influences people's risk indirectly because it impacts their livelihood choices, settlement location, social networks and availability for preparedness activities, including disaster risk reduction education. [III] These aspects affect how vulnerable a community is to natural hazards. [IV]

3. An increasing number of natural hazards are damaging heritage sites and disrupting cultural practices. This weakens the resilience of communities, particularly those that rely on heritage for local resources and sustainable development. Despite these threats, cultural and natural heritage can also strengthen communities by helping them adapt to risks and reduce their exposure to hazards, including climate change.

4. UNESCO protects cultural and natural heritage and uses it as a platform for disaster risk reduction. These efforts aim to build community resilience and ensure that no one is left behind.

5. World Heritage sites, Biosphere Reserves, and UNESCO Global Geoparks are essential for sustainable development. These sites protect natural and cultural heritage while promoting biodiversity and resource conservation. However, they face risks from natural hazards and extreme weather, which can affect nearby communities and resonate globally. At the same time, these sites educate people about disaster risks and solutions, offering opportunities to build safer, more resilient futures.

Where in paragraph 2 does the following sentence best fit?

It shapes their understanding of dangers, how they react during emergencies, and how they prepare for future risks.