Choose the best sentence that is written from the words and phrases in each of the following questions.

Generational differences, / shape / by / historical events, / influence / perspectives / various issues.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

Bridging the generation gap

As time goes by, customs and traditions, which help shape the identity of an individual, (18) ______. These changes occur due to modernization, globalization, and shifts in societal values. This is why people belonging to different generations, (19) ______, often do not share the same values and beliefs. Differences in politics, culture, and other aspects of life separate generations and are often described as a generation gap. (20) ______. Therefore, bridging this gap is essential for maintaining harmony in the family. Below are some tips on how different generations in a family can connect.

First, all generations should be open to new ideas. Having more life experiences, (21) ______. However, the world is constantly evolving with new technologies, social norms, and perspectives. Parents should remain open-minded about new ideas or things that may not have existed when they were young, such as modern lifestyles, new forms of communication, or career choices. Likewise, children should listen to their parents and learn important life lessons from them, as their wisdom and experiences can be valuable in navigating life's challenges.

(22) ______. Poor communication or lack of it can weaken relationships between family members. They should make an effort to understand each other by actively listening and showing empathy. For example, asking parents about their day at work or discussing personal experiences can be a great way to start meaningful conversations. Additionally, finding enjoyable activities to do together, such as cooking, playing sports, or watching movies, is one of the best ways to strengthen family bonds and create lasting memories.

Choose the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17.

a. As cities expand, natural areas such as forests and wetlands are destroyed to accommodate infrastructure and buildings.

b. These changes in the environment highlight the need for more sustainable urban planning practices.

c. The pollution disrupts natural processes and harms the health of ecosystems, making it harder for them to function properly.

d. This results in the displacement of numerous species, leading to a decline in biodiversity.

e. Additionally, urban areas contribute to various forms of pollution, including air, water, and noise pollution, which adversely affect both plant and animal life.

Read the following passage and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

Smart grids are systems that use advanced technology, like smart meters, to collect real-time data. This data helps improve energy efficiency and manage electricity better. However, (18) __________.

AI plays an important role in these grids (19) __________. Acting as the “brain” of the grid, AI interprets signals from sensors, predicts what might happen next, and decides the best actions. For example, when there is a sudden rise in energy demand, AI can quickly adjust the flow of electricity to prevent blackouts. (20) __________, AI can warn operators before serious failures occur, allowing them to take action before repairs are needed. (21) __________.

AI also helps businesses understand energy usage patterns and weather forecasts. By analyzing this information, they can predict when and where electricity will be needed, ensuring it is available at the right time and place. (22) __________. As a result, consumers often see lower electricity bills, while energy providers become more efficient.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

Bridging the generation gap

As time goes by, customs and traditions, which help shape the identity of an individual, (18) ______. These changes occur due to modernization, globalization, and shifts in societal values. This is why people belonging to different generations, (19) ______, often do not share the same values and beliefs. Differences in politics, culture, and other aspects of life separate generations and are often described as a generation gap. (20) ______. Therefore, bridging this gap is essential for maintaining harmony in the family. Below are some tips on how different generations in a family can connect.

First, all generations should be open to new ideas. Having more life experiences, (21) ______. However, the world is constantly evolving with new technologies, social norms, and perspectives. Parents should remain open-minded about new ideas or things that may not have existed when they were young, such as modern lifestyles, new forms of communication, or career choices. Likewise, children should listen to their parents and learn important life lessons from them, as their wisdom and experiences can be valuable in navigating life's challenges.

(22) ______. Poor communication or lack of it can weaken relationships between family members. They should make an effort to understand each other by actively listening and showing empathy. For example, asking parents about their day at work or discussing personal experiences can be a great way to start meaningful conversations. Additionally, finding enjoyable activities to do together, such as cooking, playing sports, or watching movies, is one of the best ways to strengthen family bonds and create lasting memories.

Read the following leaflet/notice and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

➤ Explore the Future of Transportation with Autonomous Vehicles (AVs)

What Are Autonomous Vehicles?

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) are vehicles that can operate on their own with little or no help from a human driver. They include cars, buses, trucks, and even personal delivery devices on sidewalks. AVs use advanced technology to control their movement and make driving decisions (7) __________.

Types of Autonomous Vehicles

There are two types of driverless vehicles:

➤ Autonomous Vehicles (AVs): These rely entirely on their own technology to (8) __________.

➤ Connected Vehicles (CVs): These use input from (9) __________ vehicles or smart infrastructure to help drive.

How AVs Adapt to the Environment

AVs can adjust to different driving conditions like weather, road types, and traffic. For example, (10) __________ handle highways in daylight easily but face challenges in busy city traffic at night. Most AVs are tested (11) __________ lower speeds for better safety and response time.

The Road Ahead

Autonomous vehicles are revolutionizing transportation. (12) __________ the next generation of travel today!

Read the following passage and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

Smart grids are systems that use advanced technology, like smart meters, to collect real-time data. This data helps improve energy efficiency and manage electricity better. However, (18) __________.

AI plays an important role in these grids (19) __________. Acting as the “brain” of the grid, AI interprets signals from sensors, predicts what might happen next, and decides the best actions. For example, when there is a sudden rise in energy demand, AI can quickly adjust the flow of electricity to prevent blackouts. (20) __________, AI can warn operators before serious failures occur, allowing them to take action before repairs are needed. (21) __________.

AI also helps businesses understand energy usage patterns and weather forecasts. By analyzing this information, they can predict when and where electricity will be needed, ensuring it is available at the right time and place. (22) __________. As a result, consumers often see lower electricity bills, while energy providers become more efficient.

Read the following leaflet/notice and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

➤ Explore the Future of Transportation with Autonomous Vehicles (AVs)

What Are Autonomous Vehicles?

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) are vehicles that can operate on their own with little or no help from a human driver. They include cars, buses, trucks, and even personal delivery devices on sidewalks. AVs use advanced technology to control their movement and make driving decisions (7) __________.

Types of Autonomous Vehicles

There are two types of driverless vehicles:

➤ Autonomous Vehicles (AVs): These rely entirely on their own technology to (8) __________.

➤ Connected Vehicles (CVs): These use input from (9) __________ vehicles or smart infrastructure to help drive.

How AVs Adapt to the Environment

AVs can adjust to different driving conditions like weather, road types, and traffic. For example, (10) __________ handle highways in daylight easily but face challenges in busy city traffic at night. Most AVs are tested (11) __________ lower speeds for better safety and response time.

The Road Ahead

Autonomous vehicles are revolutionizing transportation. (12) __________ the next generation of travel today!

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

How the Generation Gap Plays Out in the Workplace

As a recruiter, I am in constant communication with executive clients and HR colleagues. I regularly (7) ________ on candidates I’ve placed, to see how they are getting on in their new roles. Here are some of the important generational differences I see that can lead to potential (8) ________ if not properly understood: 

Communication styles

• The young generation is more (9) ________, quick to offer constructive criticism, individualistic, with a more casual approach.

• Gen X values hard work and long hours, a/k/a ‘The Grind’ – they are more skeptical, formal, and uncompromising.

Leadership styles

• The young generation is extremely open-mindeD. They resist micromanagement, and resent pressure. (10) ________ factor that sets them apart is their emphasis on work-life balance.

• (11) ________, their Generation X supervisors, on the other hand, are intensely focussed on the organisational processes that brought the company success; they tend to prioritise (12) ________ and the bottom line.

Choose the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17.

a. More buses and trains, along with charging stations for electric cars, will encourage people to use cleaner transport options, making cities more eco-friendly.

b. Solar and wind power can replace coal and gas to produce electricity, which helps lower pollution.

c. Future cities can reduce carbon emissions by using renewable energy and developing sustainable transportation.

d. Expanding public transportation and promoting electric vehicles can also help reduce emissions.

e. Many buildings can install solar panels to generate clean energy and reduce the need for fossil fuels.

Read the following passage about humanoid robots and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

     Adolescence is a difficult time for both parents and teenagers as it is a period of physical, social and emotional change. Physically, as a dependent pre-teen child, (18) _______ . In general, emotionally and socially, adolescents like you are experiencing profound changes in terms of freedom, privacy, interests, decisions and opinions.

First, you want more freedom to choose who to see and when. (19) _______ . Now you want to spend some more time on your own. Second, your parents made most decisions before adolescence. But now you want to decide things for yourselves. You hate being told what to do all the time. Above all, adolescents have strong opinions and are idealistic. (20) _______ . You feel you have all the answers while adults don't.

All these perfectly normal changes will affect teenagers' relationship with their parents. (21) _______ ? Firstly, let your parents know that you still love and value them. Secondly, try to agree to rules and boundaries and prove to be dependable. Keep your words and stick to rules. Thirdly, (22) _______ . Show your parents that you are capable of an independent life by taking care of your own school work and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Finally, it's all about communication! Keep talking to your parents.

Read the following leaflet/notice and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

➤ Explore the Future of Transportation with Autonomous Vehicles (AVs)

What Are Autonomous Vehicles?

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) are vehicles that can operate on their own with little or no help from a human driver. They include cars, buses, trucks, and even personal delivery devices on sidewalks. AVs use advanced technology to control their movement and make driving decisions (7) __________.

Types of Autonomous Vehicles

There are two types of driverless vehicles:

➤ Autonomous Vehicles (AVs): These rely entirely on their own technology to (8) __________.

➤ Connected Vehicles (CVs): These use input from (9) __________ vehicles or smart infrastructure to help drive.

How AVs Adapt to the Environment

AVs can adjust to different driving conditions like weather, road types, and traffic. For example, (10) __________ handle highways in daylight easily but face challenges in busy city traffic at night. Most AVs are tested (11) __________ lower speeds for better safety and response time.

The Road Ahead

Autonomous vehicles are revolutionizing transportation. (12) __________ the next generation of travel today!

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Jane needs a quick getaway to escape the _________ and bustle of the city.

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

How the Generation Gap Plays Out in the Workplace

As a recruiter, I am in constant communication with executive clients and HR colleagues. I regularly (7) ________ on candidates I’ve placed, to see how they are getting on in their new roles. Here are some of the important generational differences I see that can lead to potential (8) ________ if not properly understood: 

Communication styles

• The young generation is more (9) ________, quick to offer constructive criticism, individualistic, with a more casual approach.

• Gen X values hard work and long hours, a/k/a ‘The Grind’ – they are more skeptical, formal, and uncompromising.

Leadership styles

• The young generation is extremely open-mindeD. They resist micromanagement, and resent pressure. (10) ________ factor that sets them apart is their emphasis on work-life balance.

• (11) ________, their Generation X supervisors, on the other hand, are intensely focussed on the organisational processes that brought the company success; they tend to prioritise (12) ________ and the bottom line.

Read the following passage about humanoid robots and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

     Adolescence is a difficult time for both parents and teenagers as it is a period of physical, social and emotional change. Physically, as a dependent pre-teen child, (18) _______ . In general, emotionally and socially, adolescents like you are experiencing profound changes in terms of freedom, privacy, interests, decisions and opinions.

First, you want more freedom to choose who to see and when. (19) _______ . Now you want to spend some more time on your own. Second, your parents made most decisions before adolescence. But now you want to decide things for yourselves. You hate being told what to do all the time. Above all, adolescents have strong opinions and are idealistic. (20) _______ . You feel you have all the answers while adults don't.

All these perfectly normal changes will affect teenagers' relationship with their parents. (21) _______ ? Firstly, let your parents know that you still love and value them. Secondly, try to agree to rules and boundaries and prove to be dependable. Keep your words and stick to rules. Thirdly, (22) _______ . Show your parents that you are capable of an independent life by taking care of your own school work and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Finally, it's all about communication! Keep talking to your parents.

Choose the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17.

Hey Emily,

I hope you're doing well!

a. My city has started adding green roofs and walls to many places, and they look amazing.

b. A lot of people love them because they look beautiful and help the environment.

c. The new shopping mall downtown has a huge green wall inside, making the air feel fresher and the space more relaxing.

d. These green spaces help keep buildings cool and make the air cleaner, which is great for the city.

e. There's also a library with a green roof where people can sit and read in a peaceful garden.

You should come and see them with me sometime!

Take care,

Chloe

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other  three in the position of stress in each of the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

I'm trying to find out who _______ this building.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Let’s go to the coffee shop downtown,_________ ?

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

If the kids had not got up late, we _______ late for the train.

Choose the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17.

a. Luke: Makes sense. Trees absorb sound, right?

b. Brian: Yeah, and I'd rather hear birds than traffic.

c. Brian: People say urban forests make cities quieter.