Câu hỏi:

Read the following passage about human life expectancy and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions.

Urbanization refers to the process through which cities grow and expand as more people move from rural to urban areas. This phenomenon is driven by various factors, including economic opportunities, educational facilities, and healthcare services, which often attract individuals seeking better living standards. As cities become more populated, they undergo significant transformations in infrastructure, including housing, transportation, and public services.

The rise in urban populations can lead to both positive and negative outcomes. On the positive side, urbanization can stimulate economic development, innovation, and cultural exchange. It often brings improvements in living standards and provides better access to services and amenities. However, rapid urban growth can also strain existing infrastructure, leading to issues such as overcrowding, pollution, and inadequate public services. These challenges can impact the quality of life in urban areas and require careful planning and management.

Effective urban planning is crucial to “mitigating” the negative effects of urbanization. This includes creating sustainable infrastructure, managing resources efficiently, and ensuring equitable access to services for all residents. By addressing these challenges, cities can harness the benefits of urbanization while improving the overall quality of urban life.

Furthermore, much of the increase in the numbers of urban poor is taking place in locations that are highly vulnerable to natural disasters and are expected to experience the greatest impact of climate change, such as low-elevation coastal zones and arid regions known as dry lands. Seasonal, temporary and permanent migration is already among the strategies that households utilize when faced with food and livelihood insecurity associated with climate variability, and climate-related migration could become more prevalent in the future with the anticipated increase in frequency and intensity of adverse climate events.

[Adapted from United Nations. "World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision." United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2019]

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor driving urbanization?

Read the following passage about human life expectancy and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions.

Urbanization refers to the process through which cities grow and expand as more people move from rural to urban areas. This phenomenon is driven by various factors, including economic opportunities, educational facilities, and healthcare services, which often attract individuals seeking better living standards. As cities become more populated, they undergo significant transformations in infrastructure, including housing, transportation, and public services.

The rise in urban populations can lead to both positive and negative outcomes. On the positive side, urbanization can stimulate economic development, innovation, and cultural exchange. It often brings improvements in living standards and provides better access to services and amenities. However, rapid urban growth can also strain existing infrastructure, leading to issues such as overcrowding, pollution, and inadequate public services. These challenges can impact the quality of life in urban areas and require careful planning and management.

Effective urban planning is crucial to “mitigating” the negative effects of urbanization. This includes creating sustainable infrastructure, managing resources efficiently, and ensuring equitable access to services for all residents. By addressing these challenges, cities can harness the benefits of urbanization while improving the overall quality of urban life.

Furthermore, much of the increase in the numbers of urban poor is taking place in locations that are highly vulnerable to natural disasters and are expected to experience the greatest impact of climate change, such as low-elevation coastal zones and arid regions known as dry lands. Seasonal, temporary and permanent migration is already among the strategies that households utilize when faced with food and livelihood insecurity associated with climate variability, and climate-related migration could become more prevalent in the future with the anticipated increase in frequency and intensity of adverse climate events.

[Adapted from United Nations. "World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision." United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2019]

The word "stimulate" in paragraph 2 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______

Read the following passage about human life expectancy and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions.

Urbanization refers to the process through which cities grow and expand as more people move from rural to urban areas. This phenomenon is driven by various factors, including economic opportunities, educational facilities, and healthcare services, which often attract individuals seeking better living standards. As cities become more populated, they undergo significant transformations in infrastructure, including housing, transportation, and public services.

The rise in urban populations can lead to both positive and negative outcomes. On the positive side, urbanization can stimulate economic development, innovation, and cultural exchange. It often brings improvements in living standards and provides better access to services and amenities. However, rapid urban growth can also strain existing infrastructure, leading to issues such as overcrowding, pollution, and inadequate public services. These challenges can impact the quality of life in urban areas and require careful planning and management.

Effective urban planning is crucial to “mitigating” the negative effects of urbanization. This includes creating sustainable infrastructure, managing resources efficiently, and ensuring equitable access to services for all residents. By addressing these challenges, cities can harness the benefits of urbanization while improving the overall quality of urban life.

Furthermore, much of the increase in the numbers of urban poor is taking place in locations that are highly vulnerable to natural disasters and are expected to experience the greatest impact of climate change, such as low-elevation coastal zones and arid regions known as dry lands. Seasonal, temporary and permanent migration is already among the strategies that households utilize when faced with food and livelihood insecurity associated with climate variability, and climate-related migration could become more prevalent in the future with the anticipated increase in frequency and intensity of adverse climate events.

[Adapted from United Nations. "World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision." United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2019]

The word "they" in paragraph 1 refers to ______

Read the following passage about human life expectancy and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions.

Urbanization refers to the process through which cities grow and expand as more people move from rural to urban areas. This phenomenon is driven by various factors, including economic opportunities, educational facilities, and healthcare services, which often attract individuals seeking better living standards. As cities become more populated, they undergo significant transformations in infrastructure, including housing, transportation, and public services.

The rise in urban populations can lead to both positive and negative outcomes. On the positive side, urbanization can stimulate economic development, innovation, and cultural exchange. It often brings improvements in living standards and provides better access to services and amenities. However, rapid urban growth can also strain existing infrastructure, leading to issues such as overcrowding, pollution, and inadequate public services. These challenges can impact the quality of life in urban areas and require careful planning and management.

Effective urban planning is crucial to “mitigating” the negative effects of urbanization. This includes creating sustainable infrastructure, managing resources efficiently, and ensuring equitable access to services for all residents. By addressing these challenges, cities can harness the benefits of urbanization while improving the overall quality of urban life.

Furthermore, much of the increase in the numbers of urban poor is taking place in locations that are highly vulnerable to natural disasters and are expected to experience the greatest impact of climate change, such as low-elevation coastal zones and arid regions known as dry lands. Seasonal, temporary and permanent migration is already among the strategies that households utilize when faced with food and livelihood insecurity associated with climate variability, and climate-related migration could become more prevalent in the future with the anticipated increase in frequency and intensity of adverse climate events.

[Adapted from United Nations. "World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision." United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2019]

The word "mitigating" in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ______

Read the following passage about human life expectancy and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions.

Urbanization refers to the process through which cities grow and expand as more people move from rural to urban areas. This phenomenon is driven by various factors, including economic opportunities, educational facilities, and healthcare services, which often attract individuals seeking better living standards. As cities become more populated, they undergo significant transformations in infrastructure, including housing, transportation, and public services.

The rise in urban populations can lead to both positive and negative outcomes. On the positive side, urbanization can stimulate economic development, innovation, and cultural exchange. It often brings improvements in living standards and provides better access to services and amenities. However, rapid urban growth can also strain existing infrastructure, leading to issues such as overcrowding, pollution, and inadequate public services. These challenges can impact the quality of life in urban areas and require careful planning and management.

Effective urban planning is crucial to “mitigating” the negative effects of urbanization. This includes creating sustainable infrastructure, managing resources efficiently, and ensuring equitable access to services for all residents. By addressing these challenges, cities can harness the benefits of urbanization while improving the overall quality of urban life.

Furthermore, much of the increase in the numbers of urban poor is taking place in locations that are highly vulnerable to natural disasters and are expected to experience the greatest impact of climate change, such as low-elevation coastal zones and arid regions known as dry lands. Seasonal, temporary and permanent migration is already among the strategies that households utilize when faced with food and livelihood insecurity associated with climate variability, and climate-related migration could become more prevalent in the future with the anticipated increase in frequency and intensity of adverse climate events.

[Adapted from United Nations. "World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision." United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2019]

Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3?

Read the following passage about human life expectancy and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions.

Urbanization refers to the process through which cities grow and expand as more people move from rural to urban areas. This phenomenon is driven by various factors, including economic opportunities, educational facilities, and healthcare services, which often attract individuals seeking better living standards. As cities become more populated, they undergo significant transformations in infrastructure, including housing, transportation, and public services.

The rise in urban populations can lead to both positive and negative outcomes. On the positive side, urbanization can stimulate economic development, innovation, and cultural exchange. It often brings improvements in living standards and provides better access to services and amenities. However, rapid urban growth can also strain existing infrastructure, leading to issues such as overcrowding, pollution, and inadequate public services. These challenges can impact the quality of life in urban areas and require careful planning and management.

Effective urban planning is crucial to “mitigating” the negative effects of urbanization. This includes creating sustainable infrastructure, managing resources efficiently, and ensuring equitable access to services for all residents. By addressing these challenges, cities can harness the benefits of urbanization while improving the overall quality of urban life.

Furthermore, much of the increase in the numbers of urban poor is taking place in locations that are highly vulnerable to natural disasters and are expected to experience the greatest impact of climate change, such as low-elevation coastal zones and arid regions known as dry lands. Seasonal, temporary and permanent migration is already among the strategies that households utilize when faced with food and livelihood insecurity associated with climate variability, and climate-related migration could become more prevalent in the future with the anticipated increase in frequency and intensity of adverse climate events.

[Adapted from United Nations. "World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision." United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2019]

According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?

Read the following passage about human life expectancy and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions.

Urbanization refers to the process through which cities grow and expand as more people move from rural to urban areas. This phenomenon is driven by various factors, including economic opportunities, educational facilities, and healthcare services, which often attract individuals seeking better living standards. As cities become more populated, they undergo significant transformations in infrastructure, including housing, transportation, and public services.

The rise in urban populations can lead to both positive and negative outcomes. On the positive side, urbanization can stimulate economic development, innovation, and cultural exchange. It often brings improvements in living standards and provides better access to services and amenities. However, rapid urban growth can also strain existing infrastructure, leading to issues such as overcrowding, pollution, and inadequate public services. These challenges can impact the quality of life in urban areas and require careful planning and management.

Effective urban planning is crucial to “mitigating” the negative effects of urbanization. This includes creating sustainable infrastructure, managing resources efficiently, and ensuring equitable access to services for all residents. By addressing these challenges, cities can harness the benefits of urbanization while improving the overall quality of urban life.

Furthermore, much of the increase in the numbers of urban poor is taking place in locations that are highly vulnerable to natural disasters and are expected to experience the greatest impact of climate change, such as low-elevation coastal zones and arid regions known as dry lands. Seasonal, temporary and permanent migration is already among the strategies that households utilize when faced with food and livelihood insecurity associated with climate variability, and climate-related migration could become more prevalent in the future with the anticipated increase in frequency and intensity of adverse climate events.

[Adapted from United Nations. "World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision." United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2019]

In which paragraph does the writer mention the benefits of urbanization?

Read the following passage about human life expectancy and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions.

Urbanization refers to the process through which cities grow and expand as more people move from rural to urban areas. This phenomenon is driven by various factors, including economic opportunities, educational facilities, and healthcare services, which often attract individuals seeking better living standards. As cities become more populated, they undergo significant transformations in infrastructure, including housing, transportation, and public services.

The rise in urban populations can lead to both positive and negative outcomes. On the positive side, urbanization can stimulate economic development, innovation, and cultural exchange. It often brings improvements in living standards and provides better access to services and amenities. However, rapid urban growth can also strain existing infrastructure, leading to issues such as overcrowding, pollution, and inadequate public services. These challenges can impact the quality of life in urban areas and require careful planning and management.

Effective urban planning is crucial to “mitigating” the negative effects of urbanization. This includes creating sustainable infrastructure, managing resources efficiently, and ensuring equitable access to services for all residents. By addressing these challenges, cities can harness the benefits of urbanization while improving the overall quality of urban life.

Furthermore, much of the increase in the numbers of urban poor is taking place in locations that are highly vulnerable to natural disasters and are expected to experience the greatest impact of climate change, such as low-elevation coastal zones and arid regions known as dry lands. Seasonal, temporary and permanent migration is already among the strategies that households utilize when faced with food and livelihood insecurity associated with climate variability, and climate-related migration could become more prevalent in the future with the anticipated increase in frequency and intensity of adverse climate events.

[Adapted from United Nations. "World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision." United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2019]

In which passage does the author mention that durable infrastructure helps manage the impacts of urbanization?

Read the following passage about workplace changes and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions.

The Changing Face of Work

The nature of work has undergone significant changes over the past few decades. Gone are the days when employees would stay with one company for their entire careers. Today, workers are more likely to change jobs multiple times throughout their lives, seeking better opportunities, work-life balance, and personal growth.

Advances in technology have played a major role in this transformation. [I] Automation and artificial intelligence (AI) are reshaping industries, eliminating some jobs while creating new ones. [II] Remote work, once a rarity, has become a viable option for millions of people around the globe. [III] The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated this shift, forcing companies to adapt to virtual work environments. [IV]

However, this evolution in the workplace is not without challenges. Many workers face job insecurity as traditional roles are replaced by machines. Additionally, the demand for digital skills has increased, leaving those without them at a disadvantage. Despite these challenges, the modern workplace also offers unprecedented flexibility. Employees can now work from home, collaborate with teams across different time zones, and even pursue freelance careers.

In response to these changes, companies are prioritizing employee training and upskilling programs. Governments and educational institutions are also stepping in to prepare workers for the jobs of the future. As industries continue to evolve, adaptability and lifelong learning are becoming essential for career success.

Moreover, new technological and social realities are inducing the emergence and widespread adoption of new work models with a wide spectrum of opportunities and new challenges. The number of people employed in the gig economy and digital platforms, or in other unconventional employee- employer relationships, is growing. Additionally, in the future we will be able to see a convergence of current public and private models, i.e., an amalgamation of best practices and their application in workplaces.

(Adapted from Workplace Trends Reports)

Where in paragraph 2 does the following sentence best fit?

“These technologies have transformed not only how people work but also where they work.”

Read the following passage about workplace changes and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions.

The Changing Face of Work

The nature of work has undergone significant changes over the past few decades. Gone are the days when employees would stay with one company for their entire careers. Today, workers are more likely to change jobs multiple times throughout their lives, seeking better opportunities, work-life balance, and personal growth.

Advances in technology have played a major role in this transformation. [I] Automation and artificial intelligence (AI) are reshaping industries, eliminating some jobs while creating new ones. [II] Remote work, once a rarity, has become a viable option for millions of people around the globe. [III] The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated this shift, forcing companies to adapt to virtual work environments. [IV]

However, this evolution in the workplace is not without challenges. Many workers face job insecurity as traditional roles are replaced by machines. Additionally, the demand for digital skills has increased, leaving those without them at a disadvantage. Despite these challenges, the modern workplace also offers unprecedented flexibility. Employees can now work from home, collaborate with teams across different time zones, and even pursue freelance careers.

In response to these changes, companies are prioritizing employee training and upskilling programs. Governments and educational institutions are also stepping in to prepare workers for the jobs of the future. As industries continue to evolve, adaptability and lifelong learning are becoming essential for career success.

Moreover, new technological and social realities are inducing the emergence and widespread adoption of new work models with a wide spectrum of opportunities and new challenges. The number of people employed in the gig economy and digital platforms, or in other unconventional employee- employer relationships, is growing. Additionally, in the future we will be able to see a convergence of current public and private models, i.e., an amalgamation of best practices and their application in workplaces.

(Adapted from Workplace Trends Reports)

The word "undergone" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ________