Trong chuỗi phản ứng prton-proton trong lòng Mặt Trời có hai phản ứng riêng biệt trong đó 4 hạt nhân hydro cuối cùng có thể dẫn đến 1 hạt nhân Heli. Trong chuỗi phản ứng này, phản ứng \(_{1}^{2}D+_{1}^{1}H\to _{2}^{3}He+\gamma\) tạo ra bức xạ điện từ gamma. Biết \({{m}_{p}}=1,00728\left( u \right)\); \({{m}_{D}}=2,0135\left( u \right)\); \({{m}_{He}}=3,0149\left( u \right) \). Lấy 1u = 931,5 MeV/c². Giả sử hạt nhân Heli sinh ra trong lõi Mặt Trời chuyển động nhiệt ở nhiệt độ trung bình vào khoảng 13,6.10⁶ (°C) (nhiệt độ trong lòng Mặt Trời ). Động năng trung bình của chuyển động nhiệt của khí \(_{2}^{3}He\) chiếm xấp xỉ bao nhiêu phần trăm so với năng lượng phản ứng tỏa ra? (Coi các hạt nhân \(_{2}^{3}He\) là các phân tử khí lí tưởng)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

Vietnamese Women’s Achievements

Women have always played an important role in Vietnam’s history. Some fight for their country, some inspire others, and some make positive changes to society. Their contributions have shaped the nation in various ways, leaving a lasting impact on culture, politics, and the arts.

Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị are famous examples of women who fought for their country’s freedom. Known in Vietnamese as “Hai Bà Trưng,” the Trưng sisters successfully led their people in a rebellion against foreign invaders in 40 A.D. After their victory, they ruled the country for three years, demonstrating remarkable leadership and bravery. As the first female rulers of Vietnam, the Trưng sisters have become symbols of patriotism and resilience. Their significance is even greater considering that Vietnamese women at the time had very limited access to education and politics. Their story continues to inspire generations.

Sương Nguyệt Anh is another example of an influential Vietnamese woman. As the daughter of the patriotic poet Nguyễn Đình Chiểu, she mastered literature from a young age. She worked as a teacher before becoming the editor-in-chief of Nữ Giới Chung, the first women’s newspaper in Sài Gòn, in 1918. As the first female editor in Vietnam, she made significant contributions to the press, feminism, and poetry. Through her work, she promoted women’s rights and encouraged female empowerment.

A third example is Điềm Phùng Thị. She graduated from Hà Nội Medical University in 1946 and earned a PhD in dentistry in France in 1954. However, she later pursued a career in sculpture, creating artworks that reflected her love for Vietnam. She exhibited her work throughout Europe and became the first female Vietnamese member of the European Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1992. Her name was later recorded in the Larousse Dictionary of Painters, recognizing her as a remarkable artist.

The word their in paragraph 2 refers to:

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Exciting Job Opportunities – Apply Now!

Are you looking for a unique career? We are hiring for three extraordinary positions!

1. Pet Food Taster

Have a keen sense of taste? As a pet food taster, you will sample pet food to ensure quality and flavor. This job gives a sense of adventure and curiosity. Competitive (7) ______ offered!

2. Golf Ball Diver

Love swimming? This job requires you to dive into golf course lakes to retrieve lost balls. (8)_______ the challenges, it’s a rewarding role for strong swimmers.

3. Professional Wedding Guest

Enjoy social events? Attend weddings and blend in as a guest to enhance the atmosphere. Unlike (9) ______ jobs, this one is perfect for outgoing individuals. We offer flexible schedules, including the night (10) ______ for certain roles. The (11) ______ of available positions is limited, so apply today!

If you want to (12) ______ more information, please visit our website at http//jobworld.com.vn

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17

a. One of the most important things is to regulate the number of tourists visiting each year to prevent overcrowding and pollution.

b. Hoi An Ancient Town is a UNESCO World Heritage site that needs to be preserved for future generations.

c. Another key measure is to maintain the traditional architecture and prevent modern buildings from overpowering the historic structures.

d. Local authorities can also organize community education programs to raise awareness about the significance of preserving cultural heritage.

e. In conclusion, a combination of careful planning, community involvement, and sustainable tourism is essential to protect Hoi An for years to come.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17

a. You: Sure! Go straight for two blocks, then turn left. You'll see the station on your right.

b. Stranger: Excuse me, can you tell me how to get to the train station?

c. Stranger: Thank you so much!

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

Biting into a ripe, juicy fruit brings a smile to many people’s faces. But eating that same fruit a week before it is ripe probably wouldn’t be as enjoyable! Unripe fruits are often hard and bitter, but that serves a purpose. The hard exterior of an unripe fruit protects the developing seed inside. After a seed fully develops inside the fruit, the fruit changes color, softens, and gets sweeter to become more attractive to animals and humans. These organisms eat the fruit and spread its seeds, ensuring the plant’s survival and regrowth.

But how does a fruit ripen? The ripening process involves many complex chemical reactions. When a fruit ripens, it goes through a chemical change. A chemical change happens when bonds within molecules break, and the atoms that once formed them regroup into new molecules. Chemical changes are irreversible. Once a fruit ripens, it cannot become unripe again.

One molecule responsible for this chemical change is ethylene. Ethylene (C2H4) is a colorless gas made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms. (I). It is a naturally occurring molecule in the atmosphere. (II). It is also an important plant hormone. (III). Plants release ethylene through the growing tips of roots, flowers, and ripening fruit. (IV). Although ethylene serves other purposes in plants, one of its main purposes is to trigger the chemical reactions that cause fruits to ripen. As the fruit matures, oxygen in the air helps stimulate the production of ethylene. This ethylene production is a signal that begins fruit ripening. For that reason, unripe fruits have low levels of ethylene, while ripe fruits have higher levels of ethylene. Most fruits produce ethylene and respond to ethylene in the atmosphere.

Although fruits require ethylene to ripen, different types of fruits respond to this molecule in two distinct ways: non-climacteric fruits and climacteric fruits. Non-climacteric fruits do not ripen after harvesting. They produce very little ethylene of their own. Climacteric fruits, on the other hand, continue to ripen after they are picked. These fruits produce a large amount of ethylene. Climacteric fruits can also speed up the ripening process of other fruits nearby since they release high levels of ethylene into the air.  

Where in the passage does the following sentence best fit in paragraph 3?

“Plant hormones are chemicals produced by plants that control their growth, reproduction, maturation, and decay.”

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Exciting Job Opportunities – Apply Now!

Are you looking for a unique career? We are hiring for three extraordinary positions!

1. Pet Food Taster

Have a keen sense of taste? As a pet food taster, you will sample pet food to ensure quality and flavor. This job gives a sense of adventure and curiosity. Competitive (7) ______ offered!

2. Golf Ball Diver

Love swimming? This job requires you to dive into golf course lakes to retrieve lost balls. (8)_______ the challenges, it’s a rewarding role for strong swimmers.

3. Professional Wedding Guest

Enjoy social events? Attend weddings and blend in as a guest to enhance the atmosphere. Unlike (9) ______ jobs, this one is perfect for outgoing individuals. We offer flexible schedules, including the night (10) ______ for certain roles. The (11) ______ of available positions is limited, so apply today!

If you want to (12) ______ more information, please visit our website at http//jobworld.com.vn

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

Biting into a ripe, juicy fruit brings a smile to many people’s faces. But eating that same fruit a week before it is ripe probably wouldn’t be as enjoyable! Unripe fruits are often hard and bitter, but that serves a purpose. The hard exterior of an unripe fruit protects the developing seed inside. After a seed fully develops inside the fruit, the fruit changes color, softens, and gets sweeter to become more attractive to animals and humans. These organisms eat the fruit and spread its seeds, ensuring the plant’s survival and regrowth.

But how does a fruit ripen? The ripening process involves many complex chemical reactions. When a fruit ripens, it goes through a chemical change. A chemical change happens when bonds within molecules break, and the atoms that once formed them regroup into new molecules. Chemical changes are irreversible. Once a fruit ripens, it cannot become unripe again.

One molecule responsible for this chemical change is ethylene. Ethylene (C2H4) is a colorless gas made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms. (I). It is a naturally occurring molecule in the atmosphere. (II). It is also an important plant hormone. (III). Plants release ethylene through the growing tips of roots, flowers, and ripening fruit. (IV). Although ethylene serves other purposes in plants, one of its main purposes is to trigger the chemical reactions that cause fruits to ripen. As the fruit matures, oxygen in the air helps stimulate the production of ethylene. This ethylene production is a signal that begins fruit ripening. For that reason, unripe fruits have low levels of ethylene, while ripe fruits have higher levels of ethylene. Most fruits produce ethylene and respond to ethylene in the atmosphere.

Although fruits require ethylene to ripen, different types of fruits respond to this molecule in two distinct ways: non-climacteric fruits and climacteric fruits. Non-climacteric fruits do not ripen after harvesting. They produce very little ethylene of their own. Climacteric fruits, on the other hand, continue to ripen after they are picked. These fruits produce a large amount of ethylene. Climacteric fruits can also speed up the ripening process of other fruits nearby since they release high levels of ethylene into the air.  

Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence: The ripening process involves many complex chemical reactions.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17

a. Mommy: - What time do you plan to be back home? You know it’s important to be back before it gets too late.

b. Son:-  Mommy, is it okay if I go to the park with my friends for a little while? We want to play soccer and enjoy the nice weather.

c. Son: - I promise I will be home by 6 p.m. at the latest, and I’ll make sure to check my phone if you call me.

d. Mommy: - Alright, you can go, but please be careful and don’t stay out too long.

e. Son:- Thank you so much, Mommy! I’ll be responsible and come back on time.

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Exciting Job Opportunities – Apply Now!

Are you looking for a unique career? We are hiring for three extraordinary positions!

1. Pet Food Taster

Have a keen sense of taste? As a pet food taster, you will sample pet food to ensure quality and flavor. This job gives a sense of adventure and curiosity. Competitive (7) ______ offered!

2. Golf Ball Diver

Love swimming? This job requires you to dive into golf course lakes to retrieve lost balls. (8)_______ the challenges, it’s a rewarding role for strong swimmers.

3. Professional Wedding Guest

Enjoy social events? Attend weddings and blend in as a guest to enhance the atmosphere. Unlike (9) ______ jobs, this one is perfect for outgoing individuals. We offer flexible schedules, including the night (10) ______ for certain roles. The (11) ______ of available positions is limited, so apply today!

If you want to (12) ______ more information, please visit our website at http//jobworld.com.vn

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

Biting into a ripe, juicy fruit brings a smile to many people’s faces. But eating that same fruit a week before it is ripe probably wouldn’t be as enjoyable! Unripe fruits are often hard and bitter, but that serves a purpose. The hard exterior of an unripe fruit protects the developing seed inside. After a seed fully develops inside the fruit, the fruit changes color, softens, and gets sweeter to become more attractive to animals and humans. These organisms eat the fruit and spread its seeds, ensuring the plant’s survival and regrowth.

But how does a fruit ripen? The ripening process involves many complex chemical reactions. When a fruit ripens, it goes through a chemical change. A chemical change happens when bonds within molecules break, and the atoms that once formed them regroup into new molecules. Chemical changes are irreversible. Once a fruit ripens, it cannot become unripe again.

One molecule responsible for this chemical change is ethylene. Ethylene (C2H4) is a colorless gas made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms. (I). It is a naturally occurring molecule in the atmosphere. (II). It is also an important plant hormone. (III). Plants release ethylene through the growing tips of roots, flowers, and ripening fruit. (IV). Although ethylene serves other purposes in plants, one of its main purposes is to trigger the chemical reactions that cause fruits to ripen. As the fruit matures, oxygen in the air helps stimulate the production of ethylene. This ethylene production is a signal that begins fruit ripening. For that reason, unripe fruits have low levels of ethylene, while ripe fruits have higher levels of ethylene. Most fruits produce ethylene and respond to ethylene in the atmosphere.

Although fruits require ethylene to ripen, different types of fruits respond to this molecule in two distinct ways: non-climacteric fruits and climacteric fruits. Non-climacteric fruits do not ripen after harvesting. They produce very little ethylene of their own. Climacteric fruits, on the other hand, continue to ripen after they are picked. These fruits produce a large amount of ethylene. Climacteric fruits can also speed up the ripening process of other fruits nearby since they release high levels of ethylene into the air.  

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17

a. In addition, actively raising community awareness about the causes, effects, and possible solutions to soil pollution is also a highly effective and essential approach to protecting the environment.

b. When people are trained and inspired to manage soil sustainably, they will actively participate in environmental protection. 

c. If factories adopt an eco-friendly model, the quality of wastewater will be enhanced, helping to prevent soil degradation. 

d. Enhancing and improving the wastewater treatment system in local areas will bring significant benefits to the soil and overall environmental health. 

e. As a result, both businesses and individuals can work together towards a sustainable future.

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Exciting Job Opportunities – Apply Now!

Are you looking for a unique career? We are hiring for three extraordinary positions!

1. Pet Food Taster

Have a keen sense of taste? As a pet food taster, you will sample pet food to ensure quality and flavor. This job gives a sense of adventure and curiosity. Competitive (7) ______ offered!

2. Golf Ball Diver

Love swimming? This job requires you to dive into golf course lakes to retrieve lost balls. (8)_______ the challenges, it’s a rewarding role for strong swimmers.

3. Professional Wedding Guest

Enjoy social events? Attend weddings and blend in as a guest to enhance the atmosphere. Unlike (9) ______ jobs, this one is perfect for outgoing individuals. We offer flexible schedules, including the night (10) ______ for certain roles. The (11) ______ of available positions is limited, so apply today!

If you want to (12) ______ more information, please visit our website at http//jobworld.com.vn

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

Vietnamese Women’s Achievements

Women have always played an important role in Vietnam’s history. Some fight for their country, some inspire others, and some make positive changes to society. Their contributions have shaped the nation in various ways, leaving a lasting impact on culture, politics, and the arts.

Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị are famous examples of women who fought for their country’s freedom. Known in Vietnamese as “Hai Bà Trưng,” the Trưng sisters successfully led their people in a rebellion against foreign invaders in 40 A.D. After their victory, they ruled the country for three years, demonstrating remarkable leadership and bravery. As the first female rulers of Vietnam, the Trưng sisters have become symbols of patriotism and resilience. Their significance is even greater considering that Vietnamese women at the time had very limited access to education and politics. Their story continues to inspire generations.

Sương Nguyệt Anh is another example of an influential Vietnamese woman. As the daughter of the patriotic poet Nguyễn Đình Chiểu, she mastered literature from a young age. She worked as a teacher before becoming the editor-in-chief of Nữ Giới Chung, the first women’s newspaper in Sài Gòn, in 1918. As the first female editor in Vietnam, she made significant contributions to the press, feminism, and poetry. Through her work, she promoted women’s rights and encouraged female empowerment.

A third example is Điềm Phùng Thị. She graduated from Hà Nội Medical University in 1946 and earned a PhD in dentistry in France in 1954. However, she later pursued a career in sculpture, creating artworks that reflected her love for Vietnam. She exhibited her work throughout Europe and became the first female Vietnamese member of the European Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1992. Her name was later recorded in the Larousse Dictionary of Painters, recognizing her as a remarkable artist.

In which paragraph does the passage mention the first female rulers of Vietnam?

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Exciting Job Opportunities – Apply Now!

Are you looking for a unique career? We are hiring for three extraordinary positions!

1. Pet Food Taster

Have a keen sense of taste? As a pet food taster, you will sample pet food to ensure quality and flavor. This job gives a sense of adventure and curiosity. Competitive (7) ______ offered!

2. Golf Ball Diver

Love swimming? This job requires you to dive into golf course lakes to retrieve lost balls. (8)_______ the challenges, it’s a rewarding role for strong swimmers.

3. Professional Wedding Guest

Enjoy social events? Attend weddings and blend in as a guest to enhance the atmosphere. Unlike (9) ______ jobs, this one is perfect for outgoing individuals. We offer flexible schedules, including the night (10) ______ for certain roles. The (11) ______ of available positions is limited, so apply today!

If you want to (12) ______ more information, please visit our website at http//jobworld.com.vn

Read the following announcement and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

Announcement: Special TV Program with Haile Gebrselassie

We are excited to announce a (1)______ featuring Haile Gebrselassie, a world-famous athlete, known for his incredible achievements in long-distance running. Born in Ethiopia, Haile faced many challenges on his way to success. He (2)______ a decision to attend a school far from his house, which meant he had to run long distances every day. This routine helped him develop the endurance that later made him a champion.

His dedication and hard work led him to win multiple Olympic gold medals and break numerous world records. It was not easy (3)______ these incredible performances, but his determination and passion for running never faded. One of his most remarkable victories was the 10,000-meter race, (4)______ him fame and money, making him a legend in the sport.

Haile then became a (5)______ in long-distance running, inspiring athletes worldwide. Everyone admires Haile (6)______ his perseverance, humility, and contributions to sports development. Don’t miss this exclusive interview, where he will share his journey and insights. Tune in this Sunday at 8 PM!

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

Biting into a ripe, juicy fruit brings a smile to many people’s faces. But eating that same fruit a week before it is ripe probably wouldn’t be as enjoyable! Unripe fruits are often hard and bitter, but that serves a purpose. The hard exterior of an unripe fruit protects the developing seed inside. After a seed fully develops inside the fruit, the fruit changes color, softens, and gets sweeter to become more attractive to animals and humans. These organisms eat the fruit and spread its seeds, ensuring the plant’s survival and regrowth.

But how does a fruit ripen? The ripening process involves many complex chemical reactions. When a fruit ripens, it goes through a chemical change. A chemical change happens when bonds within molecules break, and the atoms that once formed them regroup into new molecules. Chemical changes are irreversible. Once a fruit ripens, it cannot become unripe again.

One molecule responsible for this chemical change is ethylene. Ethylene (C2H4) is a colorless gas made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms. (I). It is a naturally occurring molecule in the atmosphere. (II). It is also an important plant hormone. (III). Plants release ethylene through the growing tips of roots, flowers, and ripening fruit. (IV). Although ethylene serves other purposes in plants, one of its main purposes is to trigger the chemical reactions that cause fruits to ripen. As the fruit matures, oxygen in the air helps stimulate the production of ethylene. This ethylene production is a signal that begins fruit ripening. For that reason, unripe fruits have low levels of ethylene, while ripe fruits have higher levels of ethylene. Most fruits produce ethylene and respond to ethylene in the atmosphere.

Although fruits require ethylene to ripen, different types of fruits respond to this molecule in two distinct ways: non-climacteric fruits and climacteric fruits. Non-climacteric fruits do not ripen after harvesting. They produce very little ethylene of their own. Climacteric fruits, on the other hand, continue to ripen after they are picked. These fruits produce a large amount of ethylene. Climacteric fruits can also speed up the ripening process of other fruits nearby since they release high levels of ethylene into the air.  

According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

Bridging the generation gap

As time goes by, customs and traditions, which help shape the identity of an individual, (18) ______. These changes occur due to modernization, globalization, and shifts in societal values. This is why people belonging to different generations, (19) ______, often do not share the same values and beliefs. Differences in politics, culture, and other aspects of life separate generations and are often described as a generation gap. (20) ______. Therefore, bridging this gap is essential for maintaining harmony in the family. Below are some tips on how different generations in a family can connect.

First, all generations should be open to new ideas. Having more life experiences, (21) ______. However, the world is constantly evolving with new technologies, social norms, and perspectives. Parents should remain open-minded about new ideas or things that may not have existed when they were young, such as modern lifestyles, new forms of communication, or career choices. Likewise, children should listen to their parents and learn important life lessons from them, as their wisdom and experiences can be valuable in navigating life's challenges.

(22) ______. Poor communication or lack of it can weaken relationships between family members. They should make an effort to understand each other by actively listening and showing empathy. For example, asking parents about their day at work or discussing personal experiences can be a great way to start meaningful conversations. Additionally, finding enjoyable activities to do together, such as cooking, playing sports, or watching movies, is one of the best ways to strengthen family bonds and create lasting memories.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

Biting into a ripe, juicy fruit brings a smile to many people’s faces. But eating that same fruit a week before it is ripe probably wouldn’t be as enjoyable! Unripe fruits are often hard and bitter, but that serves a purpose. The hard exterior of an unripe fruit protects the developing seed inside. After a seed fully develops inside the fruit, the fruit changes color, softens, and gets sweeter to become more attractive to animals and humans. These organisms eat the fruit and spread its seeds, ensuring the plant’s survival and regrowth.

But how does a fruit ripen? The ripening process involves many complex chemical reactions. When a fruit ripens, it goes through a chemical change. A chemical change happens when bonds within molecules break, and the atoms that once formed them regroup into new molecules. Chemical changes are irreversible. Once a fruit ripens, it cannot become unripe again.

One molecule responsible for this chemical change is ethylene. Ethylene (C2H4) is a colorless gas made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms. (I). It is a naturally occurring molecule in the atmosphere. (II). It is also an important plant hormone. (III). Plants release ethylene through the growing tips of roots, flowers, and ripening fruit. (IV). Although ethylene serves other purposes in plants, one of its main purposes is to trigger the chemical reactions that cause fruits to ripen. As the fruit matures, oxygen in the air helps stimulate the production of ethylene. This ethylene production is a signal that begins fruit ripening. For that reason, unripe fruits have low levels of ethylene, while ripe fruits have higher levels of ethylene. Most fruits produce ethylene and respond to ethylene in the atmosphere.

Although fruits require ethylene to ripen, different types of fruits respond to this molecule in two distinct ways: non-climacteric fruits and climacteric fruits. Non-climacteric fruits do not ripen after harvesting. They produce very little ethylene of their own. Climacteric fruits, on the other hand, continue to ripen after they are picked. These fruits produce a large amount of ethylene. Climacteric fruits can also speed up the ripening process of other fruits nearby since they release high levels of ethylene into the air.  

Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 4?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

Biting into a ripe, juicy fruit brings a smile to many people’s faces. But eating that same fruit a week before it is ripe probably wouldn’t be as enjoyable! Unripe fruits are often hard and bitter, but that serves a purpose. The hard exterior of an unripe fruit protects the developing seed inside. After a seed fully develops inside the fruit, the fruit changes color, softens, and gets sweeter to become more attractive to animals and humans. These organisms eat the fruit and spread its seeds, ensuring the plant’s survival and regrowth.

But how does a fruit ripen? The ripening process involves many complex chemical reactions. When a fruit ripens, it goes through a chemical change. A chemical change happens when bonds within molecules break, and the atoms that once formed them regroup into new molecules. Chemical changes are irreversible. Once a fruit ripens, it cannot become unripe again.

One molecule responsible for this chemical change is ethylene. Ethylene (C2H4) is a colorless gas made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms. (I). It is a naturally occurring molecule in the atmosphere. (II). It is also an important plant hormone. (III). Plants release ethylene through the growing tips of roots, flowers, and ripening fruit. (IV). Although ethylene serves other purposes in plants, one of its main purposes is to trigger the chemical reactions that cause fruits to ripen. As the fruit matures, oxygen in the air helps stimulate the production of ethylene. This ethylene production is a signal that begins fruit ripening. For that reason, unripe fruits have low levels of ethylene, while ripe fruits have higher levels of ethylene. Most fruits produce ethylene and respond to ethylene in the atmosphere.

Although fruits require ethylene to ripen, different types of fruits respond to this molecule in two distinct ways: non-climacteric fruits and climacteric fruits. Non-climacteric fruits do not ripen after harvesting. They produce very little ethylene of their own. Climacteric fruits, on the other hand, continue to ripen after they are picked. These fruits produce a large amount of ethylene. Climacteric fruits can also speed up the ripening process of other fruits nearby since they release high levels of ethylene into the air.

Which of the following is OPPOSITE in meaning to exterior in paragraph 1?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

Vietnamese Women’s Achievements

Women have always played an important role in Vietnam’s history. Some fight for their country, some inspire others, and some make positive changes to society. Their contributions have shaped the nation in various ways, leaving a lasting impact on culture, politics, and the arts.

Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị are famous examples of women who fought for their country’s freedom. Known in Vietnamese as “Hai Bà Trưng,” the Trưng sisters successfully led their people in a rebellion against foreign invaders in 40 A.D. After their victory, they ruled the country for three years, demonstrating remarkable leadership and bravery. As the first female rulers of Vietnam, the Trưng sisters have become symbols of patriotism and resilience. Their significance is even greater considering that Vietnamese women at the time had very limited access to education and politics. Their story continues to inspire generations.

Sương Nguyệt Anh is another example of an influential Vietnamese woman. As the daughter of the patriotic poet Nguyễn Đình Chiểu, she mastered literature from a young age. She worked as a teacher before becoming the editor-in-chief of Nữ Giới Chung, the first women’s newspaper in Sài Gòn, in 1918. As the first female editor in Vietnam, she made significant contributions to the press, feminism, and poetry. Through her work, she promoted women’s rights and encouraged female empowerment.

A third example is Điềm Phùng Thị. She graduated from Hà Nội Medical University in 1946 and earned a PhD in dentistry in France in 1954. However, she later pursued a career in sculpture, creating artworks that reflected her love for Vietnam. She exhibited her work throughout Europe and became the first female Vietnamese member of the European Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1992. Her name was later recorded in the Larousse Dictionary of Painters, recognizing her as a remarkable artist.

The word lasting in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by: