The distinctive relationship between ………………………………………. is established by the ability of translation to approximate a multilingual communication to a monolingual one.

Text is a meaningful unit, but to guide persons towards meanings it is recommended to start from …………………………………….after that inspect the STs and their probable translation.

The device of substitution was not extensively used in either text. Only the ST employed it once, …………………………………..

There are also omissions, partial equivalences and even complete alterations of ……………………………………….in the ST.

The writers used multiple Theme by topical Theme to create connectedness in the text. As a result, it provides the writers with an effective way to convey information circulated in the written text.

The original text may deal ……….. ………….any subject from general philosophical principles or postulates to minute technicalities in some obscure field of human endeavour.

Each of these forms of literary activities comprises a number of subgenres and the translator may ……………………………one or some of them in accordance with his talents and experience.

Translation …………………… is an academic interdiscipline dealing with the systematic study of the theory, description, and application of translation.

The concept of context has been extensively studied by different linguists from …………………………………….., such as pragmatics and systemic-functional linguistics.

Translation shifts ………………….. both at the lower level of language, i.e. the lexicogrammar, and at the higher thematic level of text.

Different types of translation can be singled out depending on the predominant communicative function of the source text or the form of speech involved in the translation process.