Read the following passage and choose the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

One of the most exciting careers today is that of a wildlife photographer. Wildlife photographers travel to remote locations to capture (18) __________. The job requires not only advanced photography skills but also a deep understanding of animal behavior and nature. (19) __________, as it often takes hours, or even days, to get the perfect shot of a rare species or an incredible natural moment.

The thrill of encountering animals in the wild, from lions in the savannah to penguins in the Antarctic, (20) __________. Wildlife photographers also play a crucial role in raising awareness about conservation. Through (21) __________, they bring the beauty and fragility of wildlife to the world's attention and (22) __________ endangered species and ecosystems.

In conclusion, wildlife photography allows individuals to explore remote landscapes, capture breathtaking moments, and (23) __________. Despite the challenges, such as difficult weather conditions and potential dangers from wildlife, the reward of capturing a breathtaking moment in nature is priceless. It's a profession for those who are not afraid to take risks and who love being in the great outdoors.

Read the following leaflet/notice and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Threats to Wildlife

Wildlife around the world faces numerous threats, (7) __________ of which are caused by human activity. Understanding these dangers is the first step toward protecting the (8) __________ of life on our planet.

- Habitat Destruction: Urban expansion, agriculture, and logging destroy natural habitats, leaving animals without a place to live, breed, and find food.

- Poaching and Illegal Wildlife Trade: Poaching and illegal wildlife trade have (9) __________ species such as elephants, rhinos, and tigers to the verge of extinction.

- Pollution: Pollution from plastics, chemicals, and oil spills has caused serious harm to wildlife, especially when they ingest plastic, get caught in waste, or suffer (10) __________ harmful chemicals in their environment.

- Climate Change: Rising temperatures, extreme weather, and shifting ecosystems due to climate change are disrupting the natural (11) __________. Species that rely on specific climates, such as polar bears and coral reefs, have had their habitats (12) __________ as a result.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

1. At any moment, approximately 13 million hunting traps are placed in protected areas throughout Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam, posing a serious threat to wildlife. These wire traps are often professionally made and arranged in extensive trap lines that randomly capture any animal passing through. Due to the severity of the issue, conservation efforts have focused on removing these traps, but experts argue that this alone is not enough to solve the crisis.

2. [I] Between 2011 and 2021, conservation teams removed 118,151 traps from two Vietnamese nature reserves, Hue Saola Nature Reserve and Quang Nam Saola Nature Reserve. [II] These areas, covering nearly 32,000 hectares, are home to endangered species such as the saola, a rare species that has not been seen in the wild since 2013. [III] Although hunting is illegal, the use of traps remains widespread, primarily to supply restaurants and wildlife markets, rather than for survival. [IV]

3. To evaluate the effectiveness of trap removal, researchers divided the reserves into 200-square-metre cells and tracked changes over 11 years. Forest guardians, many of whom were former poachers, worked in harsh conditions to remove the traps. However, despite the progress, poachers may have simply moved deeper into the forest or to other locations, continuing their illegal activities.

4. The trap removal program cost $220,000 per year, with each trap costing $20.50 to remove, while setting one costs only $1.13. Expanding this program across all of Southeast Asia would require hundreds of millions of dollars, making it impractical as the only solution. Experts stress the need to tackle the main reasons behind wildlife trapping, such as economic pressures and demand for wild meat.

5. This issue is not just limited to Southeast Asia. In Africa, for example, lions are often caught in traps meant for large plant-eating animals. Conservationists argue that reducing the demand for wild meat is essential, but it could take a whole generation to make a real difference. Without urgent action, the widespread use of hunting traps could drive many rare species to extinction.

The word their in paragraph 3 refers to __________.

Read the following passage and choose the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

One of the most exciting careers today is that of a wildlife photographer. Wildlife photographers travel to remote locations to capture (18) __________. The job requires not only advanced photography skills but also a deep understanding of animal behavior and nature. (19) __________, as it often takes hours, or even days, to get the perfect shot of a rare species or an incredible natural moment.

The thrill of encountering animals in the wild, from lions in the savannah to penguins in the Antarctic, (20) __________. Wildlife photographers also play a crucial role in raising awareness about conservation. Through (21) __________, they bring the beauty and fragility of wildlife to the world's attention and (22) __________ endangered species and ecosystems.

In conclusion, wildlife photography allows individuals to explore remote landscapes, capture breathtaking moments, and (23) __________. Despite the challenges, such as difficult weather conditions and potential dangers from wildlife, the reward of capturing a breathtaking moment in nature is priceless. It's a profession for those who are not afraid to take risks and who love being in the great outdoors.

Read the following passage about Technology and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

Growing student enrollments and economic prosperity for 20 years, (18)______. Only Harvard’s MBA School has shown a substantial increase in enrollment in recent years. (19)_____. Since 1990, the number of people receiving Masters in Business Administration (MBA) degrees, (20)_____, and the trend of lower enrollment rates is expected to continue.

There are two factors (21)______. The first one is that many graduates of four-year colleges are finding that an MBA degree does not guarantee a plush job on Wall Street, or in other financial districts of major American cities. Many of the entry- level management jobs are going to students graduating with Master of Arts degrees in English and the humanities as well as those holding MBA degrees. Students have asked the question, “Is an MBA degree really what I need to be best prepared for getting a good job?” (22)______. Business needs are changing, and MBA schools are struggling to meet the new demands.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

1. At any moment, approximately 13 million hunting traps are placed in protected areas throughout Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam, posing a serious threat to wildlife. These wire traps are often professionally made and arranged in extensive trap lines that randomly capture any animal passing through. Due to the severity of the issue, conservation efforts have focused on removing these traps, but experts argue that this alone is not enough to solve the crisis.

2. [I] Between 2011 and 2021, conservation teams removed 118,151 traps from two Vietnamese nature reserves, Hue Saola Nature Reserve and Quang Nam Saola Nature Reserve. [II] These areas, covering nearly 32,000 hectares, are home to endangered species such as the saola, a rare species that has not been seen in the wild since 2013. [III] Although hunting is illegal, the use of traps remains widespread, primarily to supply restaurants and wildlife markets, rather than for survival. [IV]

3. To evaluate the effectiveness of trap removal, researchers divided the reserves into 200-square-metre cells and tracked changes over 11 years. Forest guardians, many of whom were former poachers, worked in harsh conditions to remove the traps. However, despite the progress, poachers may have simply moved deeper into the forest or to other locations, continuing their illegal activities.

4. The trap removal program cost $220,000 per year, with each trap costing $20.50 to remove, while setting one costs only $1.13. Expanding this program across all of Southeast Asia would require hundreds of millions of dollars, making it impractical as the only solution. Experts stress the need to tackle the main reasons behind wildlife trapping, such as economic pressures and demand for wild meat.

5. This issue is not just limited to Southeast Asia. In Africa, for example, lions are often caught in traps meant for large plant-eating animals. Conservationists argue that reducing the demand for wild meat is essential, but it could take a whole generation to make a real difference. Without urgent action, the widespread use of hunting traps could drive many rare species to extinction.

The word harsh in paragraph 3 is OPPOSITE in meaning to __________.

Read the following leaflet/notice and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Threats to Wildlife

Wildlife around the world faces numerous threats, (7) __________ of which are caused by human activity. Understanding these dangers is the first step toward protecting the (8) __________ of life on our planet.

- Habitat Destruction: Urban expansion, agriculture, and logging destroy natural habitats, leaving animals without a place to live, breed, and find food.

- Poaching and Illegal Wildlife Trade: Poaching and illegal wildlife trade have (9) __________ species such as elephants, rhinos, and tigers to the verge of extinction.

- Pollution: Pollution from plastics, chemicals, and oil spills has caused serious harm to wildlife, especially when they ingest plastic, get caught in waste, or suffer (10) __________ harmful chemicals in their environment.

- Climate Change: Rising temperatures, extreme weather, and shifting ecosystems due to climate change are disrupting the natural (11) __________. Species that rely on specific climates, such as polar bears and coral reefs, have had their habitats (12) __________ as a result.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

1. At any moment, approximately 13 million hunting traps are placed in protected areas throughout Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam, posing a serious threat to wildlife. These wire traps are often professionally made and arranged in extensive trap lines that randomly capture any animal passing through. Due to the severity of the issue, conservation efforts have focused on removing these traps, but experts argue that this alone is not enough to solve the crisis.

2. [I] Between 2011 and 2021, conservation teams removed 118,151 traps from two Vietnamese nature reserves, Hue Saola Nature Reserve and Quang Nam Saola Nature Reserve. [II] These areas, covering nearly 32,000 hectares, are home to endangered species such as the saola, a rare species that has not been seen in the wild since 2013. [III] Although hunting is illegal, the use of traps remains widespread, primarily to supply restaurants and wildlife markets, rather than for survival. [IV]

3. To evaluate the effectiveness of trap removal, researchers divided the reserves into 200-square-metre cells and tracked changes over 11 years. Forest guardians, many of whom were former poachers, worked in harsh conditions to remove the traps. However, despite the progress, poachers may have simply moved deeper into the forest or to other locations, continuing their illegal activities.

4. The trap removal program cost $220,000 per year, with each trap costing $20.50 to remove, while setting one costs only $1.13. Expanding this program across all of Southeast Asia would require hundreds of millions of dollars, making it impractical as the only solution. Experts stress the need to tackle the main reasons behind wildlife trapping, such as economic pressures and demand for wild meat.

5. This issue is not just limited to Southeast Asia. In Africa, for example, lions are often caught in traps meant for large plant-eating animals. Conservationists argue that reducing the demand for wild meat is essential, but it could take a whole generation to make a real difference. Without urgent action, the widespread use of hunting traps could drive many rare species to extinction.

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6. 

ANNOUNCEMENT OF A GRADUATION PARTY

Join us for an ___(1)___ Graduation Party this Friday evening!

Celebrate your achievements on a night ___(2)___ laughter, music, and memories. 

From a lively dance floor to interactive games, we've got it ___(3)___! Indulge in delicious treats and capture ___(4)___ moment at our photo booth.

Let's ___(5)___ this milestone remarkable! Don't miss out on the festivities – be there to share the joy and ___(6)___ your success!

Read the following passage and choose the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

One of the most exciting careers today is that of a wildlife photographer. Wildlife photographers travel to remote locations to capture (18) __________. The job requires not only advanced photography skills but also a deep understanding of animal behavior and nature. (19) __________, as it often takes hours, or even days, to get the perfect shot of a rare species or an incredible natural moment.

The thrill of encountering animals in the wild, from lions in the savannah to penguins in the Antarctic, (20) __________. Wildlife photographers also play a crucial role in raising awareness about conservation. Through (21) __________, they bring the beauty and fragility of wildlife to the world's attention and (22) __________ endangered species and ecosystems.

In conclusion, wildlife photography allows individuals to explore remote landscapes, capture breathtaking moments, and (23) __________. Despite the challenges, such as difficult weather conditions and potential dangers from wildlife, the reward of capturing a breathtaking moment in nature is priceless. It's a profession for those who are not afraid to take risks and who love being in the great outdoors.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

1. At any moment, approximately 13 million hunting traps are placed in protected areas throughout Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam, posing a serious threat to wildlife. These wire traps are often professionally made and arranged in extensive trap lines that randomly capture any animal passing through. Due to the severity of the issue, conservation efforts have focused on removing these traps, but experts argue that this alone is not enough to solve the crisis.

2. [I] Between 2011 and 2021, conservation teams removed 118,151 traps from two Vietnamese nature reserves, Hue Saola Nature Reserve and Quang Nam Saola Nature Reserve. [II] These areas, covering nearly 32,000 hectares, are home to endangered species such as the saola, a rare species that has not been seen in the wild since 2013. [III] Although hunting is illegal, the use of traps remains widespread, primarily to supply restaurants and wildlife markets, rather than for survival. [IV]

3. To evaluate the effectiveness of trap removal, researchers divided the reserves into 200-square-metre cells and tracked changes over 11 years. Forest guardians, many of whom were former poachers, worked in harsh conditions to remove the traps. However, despite the progress, poachers may have simply moved deeper into the forest or to other locations, continuing their illegal activities.

4. The trap removal program cost $220,000 per year, with each trap costing $20.50 to remove, while setting one costs only $1.13. Expanding this program across all of Southeast Asia would require hundreds of millions of dollars, making it impractical as the only solution. Experts stress the need to tackle the main reasons behind wildlife trapping, such as economic pressures and demand for wild meat.

5. This issue is not just limited to Southeast Asia. In Africa, for example, lions are often caught in traps meant for large plant-eating animals. Conservationists argue that reducing the demand for wild meat is essential, but it could take a whole generation to make a real difference. Without urgent action, the widespread use of hunting traps could drive many rare species to extinction.

Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 5?

Read the following passage and choose the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

One of the most exciting careers today is that of a wildlife photographer. Wildlife photographers travel to remote locations to capture (18) __________. The job requires not only advanced photography skills but also a deep understanding of animal behavior and nature. (19) __________, as it often takes hours, or even days, to get the perfect shot of a rare species or an incredible natural moment.

The thrill of encountering animals in the wild, from lions in the savannah to penguins in the Antarctic, (20) __________. Wildlife photographers also play a crucial role in raising awareness about conservation. Through (21) __________, they bring the beauty and fragility of wildlife to the world's attention and (22) __________ endangered species and ecosystems.

In conclusion, wildlife photography allows individuals to explore remote landscapes, capture breathtaking moments, and (23) __________. Despite the challenges, such as difficult weather conditions and potential dangers from wildlife, the reward of capturing a breathtaking moment in nature is priceless. It's a profession for those who are not afraid to take risks and who love being in the great outdoors.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

1. The idea of bringing extinct animals back to life, or "de-extinction," has become a topic of growing interest in recent years. With advances in genetic technology and cloning, many believe that resurrecting extinct species could help restore ecosystems and offer valuable scientific insights. However, the idea raises significant debates, especially when considering ethical, ecological, and practical concerns.

2. One argument in favor of de-extinction is that it could help restore ecosystems that have been altered by human activity. For example, the woolly mammoth once played a key role in maintaining the balance of the grasslands by controlling tree and shrub growth. Reintroducing such species might help to restore ecosystems that have been negatively affected by their absence. Additionally, scientists argue that de-extinction could help us understand more about extinct species and their roles in the environment, offering insights into past ecosystems and the causes of their decline.

3. Despite these potential benefits, there are several challenges and risks associated with de-extinction. [I] First, many of the environments in which these species once thrived no longer exist. [II] Even if these animals were successfully revived, there is no guarantee that they would be able to survive in today's different ecosystems. [III] Another concern is that focusing on reviving extinct animals could take attention and resources away from saving species that are still alive but at risk of extinction. [IV] With biodiversity rapidly declining due to habitat destruction, climate change, and human interference, some argue that we should focus on protecting the species we still have, rather than attempting to bring back those that have already vanished.

4. While de-extinction presents exciting possibilities, it is fraught with challenges. Instead of focusing on bringing back extinct species, efforts should prioritize the protection of existing species and ecosystems. This would ensure that the future of our planet's biodiversity remains secure.

Where in paragraph 3 does the following sentence best fit?

For example, the woolly mammoth lived in a cold, ice-age environment that has since been altered by climate change.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

1. The idea of bringing extinct animals back to life, or "de-extinction," has become a topic of growing interest in recent years. With advances in genetic technology and cloning, many believe that resurrecting extinct species could help restore ecosystems and offer valuable scientific insights. However, the idea raises significant debates, especially when considering ethical, ecological, and practical concerns.

2. One argument in favor of de-extinction is that it could help restore ecosystems that have been altered by human activity. For example, the woolly mammoth once played a key role in maintaining the balance of the grasslands by controlling tree and shrub growth. Reintroducing such species might help to restore ecosystems that have been negatively affected by their absence. Additionally, scientists argue that de-extinction could help us understand more about extinct species and their roles in the environment, offering insights into past ecosystems and the causes of their decline.

3. Despite these potential benefits, there are several challenges and risks associated with de-extinction. [I] First, many of the environments in which these species once thrived no longer exist. [II] Even if these animals were successfully revived, there is no guarantee that they would be able to survive in today's different ecosystems. [III] Another concern is that focusing on reviving extinct animals could take attention and resources away from saving species that are still alive but at risk of extinction. [IV] With biodiversity rapidly declining due to habitat destruction, climate change, and human interference, some argue that we should focus on protecting the species we still have, rather than attempting to bring back those that have already vanished.

4. While de-extinction presents exciting possibilities, it is fraught with challenges. Instead of focusing on bringing back extinct species, efforts should prioritize the protection of existing species and ecosystems. This would ensure that the future of our planet's biodiversity remains secure.

Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?

Read the following passage about technology and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

FUTURE CAREER

As technology rapidly advances and global challenges evolve, the landscape of future careers is undergoing significant transformation. Today's students must prepare for jobs that may not yet exist, requiring a blend of adaptability, creativity, and continuous learning. The traditional notion of a linear career path is becoming obsolete, replaced by the concept of a career portfolio where individuals may pursue multiple professions throughout their lives.

Emerging fields such as artificial intelligence, renewable energy, and biotechnology are expected to drive job creation in the coming decades. These sectors demand a strong foundation in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) disciplines, coupled with critical thinking and problem-solving skills. However, the importance of soft skills cannot be overstated. Emotional intelligence, communication, and cultural competence will be crucial in an increasingly interconnected global workforce.

The gig economy and remote work are reshaping traditional employment models. Many future professionals may find themselves working as independent contractors or freelancers, managing multiple projects simultaneously. This shift necessitates entrepreneurial skills, self-motivation, and the ability to navigate diverse work environments.

Lifelong learning will be paramount in staying relevant in the job market. As automation and AI continue to evolve, routine tasks are likely to be automated, emphasizing the need for uniquely human skills such as creativity, empathy, and complex problem-solving. Professionals must be prepared to upskill and reskill throughout their careers to adapt to changing industry demands.

While the future job market may seem uncertain, it also presents unprecedented opportunities for innovation and personal growth. By cultivating a growth mindset, embracing technological literacy, and developing a diverse skill set, today's students can position themselves for success in the dynamic career landscape of tomorrow.

Which of the following best paraphrases the last sentence of the passage?

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

1. The idea of bringing extinct animals back to life, or "de-extinction," has become a topic of growing interest in recent years. With advances in genetic technology and cloning, many believe that resurrecting extinct species could help restore ecosystems and offer valuable scientific insights. However, the idea raises significant debates, especially when considering ethical, ecological, and practical concerns.

2. One argument in favor of de-extinction is that it could help restore ecosystems that have been altered by human activity. For example, the woolly mammoth once played a key role in maintaining the balance of the grasslands by controlling tree and shrub growth. Reintroducing such species might help to restore ecosystems that have been negatively affected by their absence. Additionally, scientists argue that de-extinction could help us understand more about extinct species and their roles in the environment, offering insights into past ecosystems and the causes of their decline.

3. Despite these potential benefits, there are several challenges and risks associated with de-extinction. [I] First, many of the environments in which these species once thrived no longer exist. [II] Even if these animals were successfully revived, there is no guarantee that they would be able to survive in today's different ecosystems. [III] Another concern is that focusing on reviving extinct animals could take attention and resources away from saving species that are still alive but at risk of extinction. [IV] With biodiversity rapidly declining due to habitat destruction, climate change, and human interference, some argue that we should focus on protecting the species we still have, rather than attempting to bring back those that have already vanished.

4. While de-extinction presents exciting possibilities, it is fraught with challenges. Instead of focusing on bringing back extinct species, efforts should prioritize the protection of existing species and ecosystems. This would ensure that the future of our planet's biodiversity remains secure.

Which of the following best summarises the passage?

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

1. At any moment, approximately 13 million hunting traps are placed in protected areas throughout Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam, posing a serious threat to wildlife. These wire traps are often professionally made and arranged in extensive trap lines that randomly capture any animal passing through. Due to the severity of the issue, conservation efforts have focused on removing these traps, but experts argue that this alone is not enough to solve the crisis.

2. [I] Between 2011 and 2021, conservation teams removed 118,151 traps from two Vietnamese nature reserves, Hue Saola Nature Reserve and Quang Nam Saola Nature Reserve. [II] These areas, covering nearly 32,000 hectares, are home to endangered species such as the saola, a rare species that has not been seen in the wild since 2013. [III] Although hunting is illegal, the use of traps remains widespread, primarily to supply restaurants and wildlife markets, rather than for survival. [IV]

3. To evaluate the effectiveness of trap removal, researchers divided the reserves into 200-square-metre cells and tracked changes over 11 years. Forest guardians, many of whom were former poachers, worked in harsh conditions to remove the traps. However, despite the progress, poachers may have simply moved deeper into the forest or to other locations, continuing their illegal activities.

4. The trap removal program cost $220,000 per year, with each trap costing $20.50 to remove, while setting one costs only $1.13. Expanding this program across all of Southeast Asia would require hundreds of millions of dollars, making it impractical as the only solution. Experts stress the need to tackle the main reasons behind wildlife trapping, such as economic pressures and demand for wild meat.

5. This issue is not just limited to Southeast Asia. In Africa, for example, lions are often caught in traps meant for large plant-eating animals. Conservationists argue that reducing the demand for wild meat is essential, but it could take a whole generation to make a real difference. Without urgent action, the widespread use of hunting traps could drive many rare species to extinction.

Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

Read the following passage about Technology and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

Growing student enrollments and economic prosperity for 20 years, (18)______. Only Harvard’s MBA School has shown a substantial increase in enrollment in recent years. (19)_____. Since 1990, the number of people receiving Masters in Business Administration (MBA) degrees, (20)_____, and the trend of lower enrollment rates is expected to continue.

There are two factors (21)______. The first one is that many graduates of four-year colleges are finding that an MBA degree does not guarantee a plush job on Wall Street, or in other financial districts of major American cities. Many of the entry- level management jobs are going to students graduating with Master of Arts degrees in English and the humanities as well as those holding MBA degrees. Students have asked the question, “Is an MBA degree really what I need to be best prepared for getting a good job?” (22)______. Business needs are changing, and MBA schools are struggling to meet the new demands.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

1. The idea of bringing extinct animals back to life, or "de-extinction," has become a topic of growing interest in recent years. With advances in genetic technology and cloning, many believe that resurrecting extinct species could help restore ecosystems and offer valuable scientific insights. However, the idea raises significant debates, especially when considering ethical, ecological, and practical concerns.

2. One argument in favor of de-extinction is that it could help restore ecosystems that have been altered by human activity. For example, the woolly mammoth once played a key role in maintaining the balance of the grasslands by controlling tree and shrub growth. Reintroducing such species might help to restore ecosystems that have been negatively affected by their absence. Additionally, scientists argue that de-extinction could help us understand more about extinct species and their roles in the environment, offering insights into past ecosystems and the causes of their decline.

3. Despite these potential benefits, there are several challenges and risks associated with de-extinction. [I] First, many of the environments in which these species once thrived no longer exist. [II] Even if these animals were successfully revived, there is no guarantee that they would be able to survive in today's different ecosystems. [III] Another concern is that focusing on reviving extinct animals could take attention and resources away from saving species that are still alive but at risk of extinction. [IV] With biodiversity rapidly declining due to habitat destruction, climate change, and human interference, some argue that we should focus on protecting the species we still have, rather than attempting to bring back those that have already vanished.

4. While de-extinction presents exciting possibilities, it is fraught with challenges. Instead of focusing on bringing back extinct species, efforts should prioritize the protection of existing species and ecosystems. This would ensure that the future of our planet's biodiversity remains secure.

The word their in paragraph 2 refers to __________.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

1. The idea of bringing extinct animals back to life, or "de-extinction," has become a topic of growing interest in recent years. With advances in genetic technology and cloning, many believe that resurrecting extinct species could help restore ecosystems and offer valuable scientific insights. However, the idea raises significant debates, especially when considering ethical, ecological, and practical concerns.

2. One argument in favor of de-extinction is that it could help restore ecosystems that have been altered by human activity. For example, the woolly mammoth once played a key role in maintaining the balance of the grasslands by controlling tree and shrub growth. Reintroducing such species might help to restore ecosystems that have been negatively affected by their absence. Additionally, scientists argue that de-extinction could help us understand more about extinct species and their roles in the environment, offering insights into past ecosystems and the causes of their decline.

3. Despite these potential benefits, there are several challenges and risks associated with de-extinction. [I] First, many of the environments in which these species once thrived no longer exist. [II] Even if these animals were successfully revived, there is no guarantee that they would be able to survive in today's different ecosystems. [III] Another concern is that focusing on reviving extinct animals could take attention and resources away from saving species that are still alive but at risk of extinction. [IV] With biodiversity rapidly declining due to habitat destruction, climate change, and human interference, some argue that we should focus on protecting the species we still have, rather than attempting to bring back those that have already vanished.

4. While de-extinction presents exciting possibilities, it is fraught with challenges. Instead of focusing on bringing back extinct species, efforts should prioritize the protection of existing species and ecosystems. This would ensure that the future of our planet's biodiversity remains secure.

The word resurrecting in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by __________.

Choose the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17.

a. To protect tigers, it is essential to preserve their natural habitats by creating protected areas and enforcing anti-deforestation laws.

b. Finally, promoting eco-friendly tourism can generate funds for conservation while benefiting local communities.

c. Tigers are an essential part of our ecosystem and play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity.

d. However, they face severe threats, including habitat loss, poaching, and the illegal wildlife trade.

e. Combating poaching requires stronger law enforcement and raising public awareness about the importance of tiger conservation.