Quốc gia nào sau đây có nhiều múi giờ đi qua lãnh thổ nhất?

PHẦN II. Câu trắc nghiệm đúng sai. Thí sinh trả lời từ câu 1 đến câu 4. Trong mỗi ý \({\bf{a}}\) ), b), c), d) ở mỗi câu, thí sinh chọn đúng hoặc sai.

Nguồn gốc năng lượng của Mặt Trời phần lớn do các phản ứng tổng hợp hạt nhân trong lõi Mặt Trời và tỏa ra năng lượng gọi là chu trình proton-proton. Đây là một dãy các các phản ứng hạt nhân liên tiếp với các đồng vị của hydrogen và tạo ra hạt nhân helium. Có thể rút gọn chuỗi phản ứng này là 4 hạt proton \(\left( {_1^1{\rm{H}}} \right)\) kết hợp tạo thành một hạt nhân helium \(\left( {_2^4{\rm{He}}} \right)\) và tỏa một năng lượng trung bình là \(26,7{\rm{MeV}}\). Công suất bức xạ năng lượng toàn phần của Mặt Trời là \(P = 3,{9.10^{26}}\;{\rm{W}}\).

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 23 to 30.

     Animals are primed to be wary through natural selection rather than scary television shows, but like humans, they often make mistakes when watching out for threats.

     Identifying stealthy predators is already a difficult task. From the perspective of a songbird, a harmless crow flying overhead may look similar to a raptor. But predator identification is made more challenging by the fact that prey animals often juggle multiple activities like foraging, keeping an eye on competitors and courting mates, all at the same time.

     This can be made easier by working as a group. Members of a school of fish, flock of birds or herd of antelope can share the task of watching out for predators. When an animal detects a predator, they share this information with other group members directly, by producing a warning, or inadvertently, by preparing to flee. The group as a whole can then respond by fleeing, hiding or adopting a defensive position.

     But this information is not always reliable. When predators are harder to identify, perhaps because they are well camouflaged, an animal may be more likely to mistake unrelated sounds or movements for a predator. Research found that bumblebees were more likely to produce false alarms having previously been exposed to highly camouflaged goldenrod crab spiders than bees that were unaccustomed to them.

     Some species are instead simply more vulnerable to predators than others. This can be because they are not fast enough to escape a close encounter or not equipped to fight a predator off. For these species, ignoring a true alarm is more likely to result in death, so it may be beneficial to follow a “better-safe-than-sorry” principle and pay the cost of being occasionally wrong. Willow tits produce alarm calls in response to most large aerial objects including planes and crows. This is because they are typically hunted in ambush attacks in which they are unlikely to escape. So the costs of alarm calling at a few planes becomes dwarfed by the threat of being killed in an attack.

(Adapted from https://www.thesouthafrican.com/animals/why-prey-animals-often-see-threats)

Để nâng cao hiệu quả quang hợp và năng suất ở cây trồng, một số nhà công nghệ sinh học cho rằng cần nâng cao hiệu quả của quá trình cố định CO₂ ở cây trồng. Để đạt được điều đó, định hướng nghiên cứu nào dưới đây là phù hợp nhất?

Hóa chất nào sau đây không sử dụng để làm mềm nước cứng tạm thời?

Cho hàm số .

a)  

b) Đạo hàm của hàm số đã cho là  

c) Nghiệm của phương trình trên đoạn là .

d) Giá trị nhỏ nhất của hàm số trên đoạn là .

Read the following passage about heat transfer in the atmosphere and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the option that best fits each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

Because the low latitudes of the Earth, the areas near the equator, receive more heat than the latitudes near the poles, and because the nature of heat is to expand and move, heat is transported from the tropics to the middle and high latitudes. Some of this heat is moved by winds and some by ocean currents, and some gets stored in the atmosphere in the form of latent heat.

[I] The term “latent heat” refers to the energy that has to be used to convert liquid water to water vapor. [II] We know that if we warm a pan of water on a stove, it will evaporate, or turn into vapor, faster than if it is allowed to sit at room temperature. [III] We also know that if we hang wet clothes outside in the summertime, they will dry faster than in winter, when the temperature is lower. The energy used in both cases to change liquid water to water vapor is supplied by heat - supplied by the stove in the first case and by the Sun in the latter case. This energy is not lost. [IV] It is stored as vapor in the atmosphere as latent heat. Eventually, the water stored as vapor in the atmosphere will condense to liquid again, and the energy will be released to the atmosphere.

In the atmosphere, a large portion of the Sun’s incoming energy is used to evaporate water, primarily in the tropical oceans. Scientists have tried to pin down this proportion of the Sun’s energy. By analyzing temperature, water vapor, and wind data around the globe, they have estimated the quantity to be about 90 watts per square meter, or nearly 30 percent of the Sun’s energy. Once this latent heat is stored within the atmosphere, it can be transported, primarily to higher latitudes, by prevailing, large-scale winds. Or it can be transported vertically to higher levels in the atmosphere, where it forms clouds and subsequent storms, which then release the energy back to the atmosphere.

(Adapted from civilserviceguide.com> topics > reading-comprehension...)