Choose the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17.

a. Chloe: I saw a video about rescued animals from poachers. It was heartbreaking.

b. Chloe: I hope people stop buying illegal animal products.

c. Emily: I know. Some animals are injured and can't go back to the wild.

 

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to choose the word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

Despite the wealth of information campaigns telling people about global warming and its causes, (24) ______ people have yet to realize how severe the problem is. Coming climate changes could alter as much as one third of plant and animal habitats by the end of the 22nd century. These changes could in turn cause widespread extinctions among plant and animal species around the globe.

Coastal and island habitats are perhaps in the greatest danger (25) ______ they face the combined threats of warming oceans and rising sea levels. As habitats change, many animals will come under intense pressure to find more suitable homes for themselves. Mass (26) ______ of at least some animals are certainly to be expected, but the fact remains that many animals will simply not be able to move fast enough.

Such dire predictions may sound alarmist, but they are based on the rather moderate estimate that the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will double by 2100. Many scientists believe, however,this figure is actually very conservative, and they claim (27) ______ a tripling is far more realistic. If they are (28)  ______, the effects on nature will be even more dramatic.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the  correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 24 to 28.

Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the (24) _______ of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human well-being. Much has been written about the diversity of terrestrial organisms, particularly the exceptionally rich life associated tropical rainforest habitats. Relatively little has been said, (25) _______ , about the diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems are comparable to rain forest in terms of richness of life.

An alien exploring Earth would probably (26) _______ priority to the planet's dominants – most distinctive feature - the ocean. Humans have a bias toward land (27) _______ sometimes gets in the way of truly examining global issues. Seen from far away, it is easy to realize that landmasses occupy only one-third of the Earth's surface. Given that two thirds of the Earth's surface is water and that marine life lives at all levels of the ocean, the total three-dimensional living space of the ocean is perhaps 100 times (28) _______ than that of land and contains more than 90 percent of all life on Earth even though the ocean has fewer distinct species.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

PLASTIC AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Plastic is a material we use every day. The first plastics were made more than 100 years ago from parts of plants. Plastics are now made from oil, coal and natural gas. We are using up these things so fast that the Earth's supplies may run out. Because of this, scientists are investigating new ideas for making plastics from plants such as sweet potato, bamboo and flax.

Things made from plastic can be useful for people but bad for the environment. Some plastics can last for a long time without wearing out, and can be difficult to get rid of when not needed. They can remain in rubbish dumps called landfill sites for hundreds of years. Landfills can be smelly, ugly, and harmful to our planet.

Recycling is a good way to get rid of unwanted plastics. Recycled waste materials can be used

again to make new products. This can be difficult as different types of plastic need to be recycled in different ways. Some kinds of plastics can be melted down and used to make new things such as bags and bottles. Others can be made into fibres (strands of material) for clothing.

Another way to protect the environment is to use canvas bags for shopping rather than plastic

ones. A lot of plastic objects can also be reused. Plastic bottles can be refilled many times, rather than throwing them away once they are empty. Unwanted plastic goods such as CDs and toys can be sold or given away to charity shops.

What is the passage mainly about?

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is CLOSEST in meaning to each of the following questions.

If there hadn’t been such a strong wind, it wouldn’t have been so difficult to put out the fire.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the  correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 24 to 28.

Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the (24) _______ of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human well-being. Much has been written about the diversity of terrestrial organisms, particularly the exceptionally rich life associated tropical rainforest habitats. Relatively little has been said, (25) _______ , about the diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems are comparable to rain forest in terms of richness of life.

An alien exploring Earth would probably (26) _______ priority to the planet's dominants – most distinctive feature - the ocean. Humans have a bias toward land (27) _______ sometimes gets in the way of truly examining global issues. Seen from far away, it is easy to realize that landmasses occupy only one-third of the Earth's surface. Given that two thirds of the Earth's surface is water and that marine life lives at all levels of the ocean, the total three-dimensional living space of the ocean is perhaps 100 times (28) _______ than that of land and contains more than 90 percent of all life on Earth even though the ocean has fewer distinct species.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

1. Megafires, which were once rare, are becoming more frequent. Over the past 40 years, the number of acres burned by wildfires in the United States has risen by 1,000 percent. Scientists believe that climate change is a key reason for this increase. Warmer and drier weather, along with earlier snowmelt, means that the dry season is now longer, leaving forests more vulnerable to fires.

2. In addition, past land management policies have also made the problem worse. For many years, the U.S. Forest Service focused on putting out all wildfires. However, people did not understand that some forests have evolved to burn. Occasional small fires remove undergrowth and allow new trees to grow, which helps keep the forests healthy.

3. During the 20th century, when forest rangers fought every fire, large amounts of dead wood built up in the forests. This created the perfect conditions for larger, hotter fires. When a fire starts in these areas, it is more likely to become a megafire. Unlike regular wildfires, megafires can permanently change the landscape. For example, the 2011 Las Conchas megafire in New Mexico turned some forested areas into grasslands.

4. Some areas, like Florida and Australia, have used controlled burns to reduce the damage caused by wildfires. These fires are set deliberately to burn away dead matter without harming living plants. However, the U.S. Forest Service currently spends much of its budget fighting megafires, which are becoming more common each year.

5. In an ironic feedback loop, megafires are not only fueled by climate change, they also contribute to it by releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. As a result, megafires could become even more common in the decades ahead.

The word it in paragraph 5 refers to __________.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

1. Ocean conservation is the act of protecting and preserving the ecosystems in the world's oceans and seas. Various marine life, including fish, mammals, reptiles, plants, and other sea creatures, rely on ecosystems like coral reefs, mangroves, and the deep sea for survival.

2. The oceans play a vital role in regulating the Earth's climate. [I] Without the oceans' ability to balance the planet's temperature, much of the Earth would be uninhabitable. [II] According to the National 2. Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), ocean currents work like a “large conveyor belt.” [III] This circulation helps drive climate patterns worldwide. [IV] Since oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth's surface, they absorb most of the sun's energy. As the water heats up, it evaporates, which increases humidity and temperature. This process forms rain, which is carried by the wind across the planet.

3. An important job the ocean does is carbon sequestration. Phytoplankton, small marine algae, absorb carbon dioxide from the air and convert it into sugar through photosynthesis. Sea creatures like shrimp, snails, and jellyfish eat these plankton. When these creatures die, their bodies sink to the ocean floor. As they decompose, the carbon remains stored in the deep ocean for millions of years, preventing it from entering the atmosphere and contributing to global warming.

4. The ocean is home to a large percentage of life on Earth, with between 50% and 80% of all species living in the sea. Scientists estimate that between 220,000 and 250,000 species exist in the ocean, and many more remain undiscovered. The ocean's biodiversity is essential for human survival, offering clean air, fresh water, and protection from storms. However, this biodiversity is at risk, with many species threatened with extinction.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of the ocean?

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

1. Wetlands are among the most productive ecosystems in the world, comparable to rain forests and coral reefs. These areas support a wide variety of species, including microbes, plants, insects, birds, fish, and mammals. Factors such as climate, landscape, geology, and water availability determine the types of plants and animals that live in wetlands. The relationships among these organisms create complex food webs, where each species plays a role in maintaining the ecosystem.

2. [I] Wetlands are often called "biological supermarkets" because they produce large amounts of food that attract many species. [II] Dead plant material, known as "detritus," enriches the water and provides nutrients for small aquatic insects, shellfish, and fish. [III] Many animals rely on wetlands for food, water, and shelter, especially during migration and breeding. [IV]

3. The ecological role of wetlands is closely linked to their surrounding watersheds. A watershed is an area where water flows to a common outlet, such as a river or lake. Wetlands are essential for maintaining the health of watersheds as they provide shallow water, high nutrient levels, and support organisms at the base of the food web. These ecosystems are integral to many species of fish, shellfish, and insects.

4. In addition to their ecological benefits, wetlands contribute to global environmental processes. They store carbon in their plants and soil, reducing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and helping to regulate the global climate. Wetlands are also involved in natural water, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles.

5. Humans benefit significantly from wetlands. They provide resources like fish, shellfish, timber, berries, and medicines. Wetlands also protect against floods, improve water quality, prevent shoreline erosion, and offer recreational opportunities. Far from being unimportant, wetlands provide unique environmental and human benefits.

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

Read the following passage and choose the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

Smart grids are systems that use advanced technology, like smart meters, to collect real-time data. This data helps improve energy efficiency and manage electricity better. However, (18) __________.

AI plays an important role in these grids (19) __________. Acting as the “brain” of the grid, AI interprets signals from sensors, predicts what might happen next, and decides the best actions. For example, when there is a sudden rise in energy demand, AI can quickly adjust the flow of electricity to prevent blackouts. (20) __________, AI can warn operators before serious failures occur, allowing them to take action before repairs are needed. (21) __________.

AI also helps businesses understand energy usage patterns and weather forecasts. By analyzing this information, they can predict when and where electricity will be needed, ensuring it is available at the right time and place. (22) __________. As a result, consumers often see lower electricity bills, while energy providers become more efficient.

Read the following passage and choose the correct answer that best fits each of the following blanks.

Scientists from the State University of New York recently conducted a test that found tiny pieces of plastic in bottled water. (28)_________ examined 250 bottles from nine countries and discovered that more than 90% of them (29)_________ microplastic particles. Sometimes, thousands of these tiny plastic pieces were in a liter of water. Only 17 bottles were plastic-free, with an average of ten plastic particles per liter.

The companies responsible for bottled water claim that their production (30)_________ the highest quality standards. However, scientists and doctors express concerns, even though there is no proof that the smallest plastic particles can harm the body. Most of the plastic is turned into waste and leaves the body through feces.

Apart from bottled water, plastic particles (31)_________ in beer, tap water, seafood, and even in the air. Bottled water is currently the fastest-growing beverage globally, with around $150 billion worth sold worldwide. It is essential for millions of people (32)_________ lack access to safe drinking water.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

1. Megafires, which were once rare, are becoming more frequent. Over the past 40 years, the number of acres burned by wildfires in the United States has risen by 1,000 percent. Scientists believe that climate change is a key reason for this increase. Warmer and drier weather, along with earlier snowmelt, means that the dry season is now longer, leaving forests more vulnerable to fires.

2. In addition, past land management policies have also made the problem worse. For many years, the U.S. Forest Service focused on putting out all wildfires. However, people did not understand that some forests have evolved to burn. Occasional small fires remove undergrowth and allow new trees to grow, which helps keep the forests healthy.

3. During the 20th century, when forest rangers fought every fire, large amounts of dead wood built up in the forests. This created the perfect conditions for larger, hotter fires. When a fire starts in these areas, it is more likely to become a megafire. Unlike regular wildfires, megafires can permanently change the landscape. For example, the 2011 Las Conchas megafire in New Mexico turned some forested areas into grasslands.

4. Some areas, like Florida and Australia, have used controlled burns to reduce the damage caused by wildfires. These fires are set deliberately to burn away dead matter without harming living plants. However, the U.S. Forest Service currently spends much of its budget fighting megafires, which are becoming more common each year.

5. In an ironic feedback loop, megafires are not only fueled by climate change, they also contribute to it by releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. As a result, megafires could become even more common in the decades ahead.

Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

1. Ocean conservation is the act of protecting and preserving the ecosystems in the world's oceans and seas. Various marine life, including fish, mammals, reptiles, plants, and other sea creatures, rely on ecosystems like coral reefs, mangroves, and the deep sea for survival.

2. The oceans play a vital role in regulating the Earth's climate. [I] Without the oceans' ability to balance the planet's temperature, much of the Earth would be uninhabitable. [II] According to the National 2. Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), ocean currents work like a “large conveyor belt.” [III] This circulation helps drive climate patterns worldwide. [IV] Since oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth's surface, they absorb most of the sun's energy. As the water heats up, it evaporates, which increases humidity and temperature. This process forms rain, which is carried by the wind across the planet.

3. An important job the ocean does is carbon sequestration. Phytoplankton, small marine algae, absorb carbon dioxide from the air and convert it into sugar through photosynthesis. Sea creatures like shrimp, snails, and jellyfish eat these plankton. When these creatures die, their bodies sink to the ocean floor. As they decompose, the carbon remains stored in the deep ocean for millions of years, preventing it from entering the atmosphere and contributing to global warming.

4. The ocean is home to a large percentage of life on Earth, with between 50% and 80% of all species living in the sea. Scientists estimate that between 220,000 and 250,000 species exist in the ocean, and many more remain undiscovered. The ocean's biodiversity is essential for human survival, offering clean air, fresh water, and protection from storms. However, this biodiversity is at risk, with many species threatened with extinction.

The word convert in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by __________.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

You want to live in a clean and green place, _______?

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

1. [I] Waste management is a major issue for cities worldwide, and European cities are leading the way with innovative solutions. [II] One such solution is Waste-to-Energy (WtE), which has become increasingly popular. [III] It reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills while generating clean energy, supporting sustainability, and promoting a circular economy. [IV]

2. The European Union (EU) has set an ambitious goal to reduce landfill use to less than 10% of municipal waste by 2035. To meet this target, solutions like WtE are encouraged. Landfilling is considered the least desirable option in the EU's waste management hierarchy. By diverting waste to WtE, pollution in soil and groundwater is reduced, and harmful emissions in the air and water are minimized. EU regulations ensure that WtE plants operate under strict emission limits, protecting public health and the environment.

3. In addition to reducing waste sent to landfills, WtE also helps lower greenhouse gas emissions by replacing fossil fuels. It also reduces emissions from the burning process by recycling the by-products of combustion. WtE technologies, when equipped with proper pollution control systems, can contribute to clean energy production and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Many European WtE plants are also exploring Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) technologies to further reduce their carbon footprint.

4. European cities are adopting the principles of the circular economy, which emphasizes reusing, recycling, and recovering resources. WtE fits into this model by converting waste into valuable resources. The heat generated during incineration can be used for district heating, and materials like metals and minerals recovered from waste can be reused in production, reducing the strain on natural resources.

5. There are over 500 WtE plants operating in major European cities like Paris, Vienna, Copenhagen, and Barcelona. These plants contribute to sustainable urban development, turning waste into clean energy. As technology improves, WtE will play an even more significant role in Europe's sustainable future.

Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

Write the correct form of the words in brackets.

The use of _________ materials in house construction will be a priority for eco-friendly living. (sustain)

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

1. Ocean conservation is the act of protecting and preserving the ecosystems in the world's oceans and seas. Various marine life, including fish, mammals, reptiles, plants, and other sea creatures, rely on ecosystems like coral reefs, mangroves, and the deep sea for survival.

2. The oceans play a vital role in regulating the Earth's climate. [I] Without the oceans' ability to balance the planet's temperature, much of the Earth would be uninhabitable. [II] According to the National 2. Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), ocean currents work like a “large conveyor belt.” [III] This circulation helps drive climate patterns worldwide. [IV] Since oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth's surface, they absorb most of the sun's energy. As the water heats up, it evaporates, which increases humidity and temperature. This process forms rain, which is carried by the wind across the planet.

3. An important job the ocean does is carbon sequestration. Phytoplankton, small marine algae, absorb carbon dioxide from the air and convert it into sugar through photosynthesis. Sea creatures like shrimp, snails, and jellyfish eat these plankton. When these creatures die, their bodies sink to the ocean floor. As they decompose, the carbon remains stored in the deep ocean for millions of years, preventing it from entering the atmosphere and contributing to global warming.

4. The ocean is home to a large percentage of life on Earth, with between 50% and 80% of all species living in the sea. Scientists estimate that between 220,000 and 250,000 species exist in the ocean, and many more remain undiscovered. The ocean's biodiversity is essential for human survival, offering clean air, fresh water, and protection from storms. However, this biodiversity is at risk, with many species threatened with extinction.

Where in paragraph 2 does the following sentence best fit?

Warm water moves from the equator to the poles, while cold water from the poles flows back toward the equator.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

1. Extreme habitats are environments where most life, including humans, cannot survive. [I] These areas can be either very cold or very hot. [II] For example, polar regions are extremely cold, with temperatures often falling below 5°C. [III] Despite these harsh conditions, some microbes are able to live and even thrive in these areas. [IV] These bacteria are a type of psychrophile, which are microorganisms that grow best at temperatures of 15°C or lower.

2. On the other hand, some of the most extreme habitats are hot, with temperatures reaching over 40°C. These places are often near geothermal activity, such as deep-sea vents and hot springs. In 1966, microbiologist Thomas Brock discovered that microorganisms were surviving and growing in the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park. These organisms, known as thermophiles, require high temperatures to live. Deserts are also considered extreme hot environments. For example, the sidewinder snake has adapted to survive in the desert by moving in a way that only parts of its body touch the hot sand, reducing its exposure to the heat.

3. Organisms that survive in these extreme conditions can teach scientists important lessons. One example is the wood frog in Alaska (Lithobates sylvaticus). During winter, these frogs freeze completely, but when spring comes, they thaw and continue their lives. Scientists discovered that the frogs create chemicals that protect their organs from ice damage. This finding can help researchers develop methods to extend the preservation of human organs. Such advancements may be crucial for improving organ transplants.

4. Another remarkable organism is the tardigrade, also known as the water bear. This tiny creature can survive in many extreme environments, such as high mountains, deep oceans, and cold Antarctica. The water bear has even survived in space. By studying these organisms, scientists hope to learn more about life on other planets, such as Mars.

Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

1. Megafires, which were once rare, are becoming more frequent. Over the past 40 years, the number of acres burned by wildfires in the United States has risen by 1,000 percent. Scientists believe that climate change is a key reason for this increase. Warmer and drier weather, along with earlier snowmelt, means that the dry season is now longer, leaving forests more vulnerable to fires.

2. In addition, past land management policies have also made the problem worse. For many years, the U.S. Forest Service focused on putting out all wildfires. However, people did not understand that some forests have evolved to burn. Occasional small fires remove undergrowth and allow new trees to grow, which helps keep the forests healthy.

3. During the 20th century, when forest rangers fought every fire, large amounts of dead wood built up in the forests. This created the perfect conditions for larger, hotter fires. When a fire starts in these areas, it is more likely to become a megafire. Unlike regular wildfires, megafires can permanently change the landscape. For example, the 2011 Las Conchas megafire in New Mexico turned some forested areas into grasslands.

4. Some areas, like Florida and Australia, have used controlled burns to reduce the damage caused by wildfires. These fires are set deliberately to burn away dead matter without harming living plants. However, the U.S. Forest Service currently spends much of its budget fighting megafires, which are becoming more common each year.

5. In an ironic feedback loop, megafires are not only fueled by climate change, they also contribute to it by releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. As a result, megafires could become even more common in the decades ahead.

Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 2?

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

1. Ocean conservation is the act of protecting and preserving the ecosystems in the world's oceans and seas. Various marine life, including fish, mammals, reptiles, plants, and other sea creatures, rely on ecosystems like coral reefs, mangroves, and the deep sea for survival.

2. The oceans play a vital role in regulating the Earth's climate. [I] Without the oceans' ability to balance the planet's temperature, much of the Earth would be uninhabitable. [II] According to the National 2. Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), ocean currents work like a “large conveyor belt.” [III] This circulation helps drive climate patterns worldwide. [IV] Since oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth's surface, they absorb most of the sun's energy. As the water heats up, it evaporates, which increases humidity and temperature. This process forms rain, which is carried by the wind across the planet.

3. An important job the ocean does is carbon sequestration. Phytoplankton, small marine algae, absorb carbon dioxide from the air and convert it into sugar through photosynthesis. Sea creatures like shrimp, snails, and jellyfish eat these plankton. When these creatures die, their bodies sink to the ocean floor. As they decompose, the carbon remains stored in the deep ocean for millions of years, preventing it from entering the atmosphere and contributing to global warming.

4. The ocean is home to a large percentage of life on Earth, with between 50% and 80% of all species living in the sea. Scientists estimate that between 220,000 and 250,000 species exist in the ocean, and many more remain undiscovered. The ocean's biodiversity is essential for human survival, offering clean air, fresh water, and protection from storms. However, this biodiversity is at risk, with many species threatened with extinction.

Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

1. [I] Waste management is a major issue for cities worldwide, and European cities are leading the way with innovative solutions. [II] One such solution is Waste-to-Energy (WtE), which has become increasingly popular. [III] It reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills while generating clean energy, supporting sustainability, and promoting a circular economy. [IV]

2. The European Union (EU) has set an ambitious goal to reduce landfill use to less than 10% of municipal waste by 2035. To meet this target, solutions like WtE are encouraged. Landfilling is considered the least desirable option in the EU's waste management hierarchy. By diverting waste to WtE, pollution in soil and groundwater is reduced, and harmful emissions in the air and water are minimized. EU regulations ensure that WtE plants operate under strict emission limits, protecting public health and the environment.

3. In addition to reducing waste sent to landfills, WtE also helps lower greenhouse gas emissions by replacing fossil fuels. It also reduces emissions from the burning process by recycling the by-products of combustion. WtE technologies, when equipped with proper pollution control systems, can contribute to clean energy production and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Many European WtE plants are also exploring Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) technologies to further reduce their carbon footprint.

4. European cities are adopting the principles of the circular economy, which emphasizes reusing, recycling, and recovering resources. WtE fits into this model by converting waste into valuable resources. The heat generated during incineration can be used for district heating, and materials like metals and minerals recovered from waste can be reused in production, reducing the strain on natural resources.

5. There are over 500 WtE plants operating in major European cities like Paris, Vienna, Copenhagen, and Barcelona. These plants contribute to sustainable urban development, turning waste into clean energy. As technology improves, WtE will play an even more significant role in Europe's sustainable future.

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?