The fourth paragraph of the passage primarily discusses ....

The word "perceive" in bold in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ..............

The four boys of the Beatles ............... 

Why was painting inside the Lascaux complex a difficult task?

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

According to the passage, all of the following contributed to the spread of English around the world EXCEPT .............

The expression “is based on” in the first paragraph could be best replaced by ..............

Because writing has become so important in our culture, we sometimes think of it as more real than speech. A little thought, however, will show w hy speech is primary and writing secondary to language. Human beings have been writing (as far as we can tell from surviving evidence) for at least 5000 years; but they have been talking for much longer, doubtless ever since there have been human beings. When writing did develop, it was derived from and represented speech, although imperfectly. Even today there are spoken languages that have no written form. Furthermore, we all learn to talk well before we learn to write; any human child who is not severely handicapped physically or mentally will learn to talk: a normal human being cannot be prevented from doing so. On the other hand, it takes a special effort to learn to write. In the past many intelligent and useful members of society did not acquire the skill, and even today many who speak languages with writing systems never learn to read or write, while some who learn the rudiments of those skills do so only imperfectly. To affirm the primacy of speech over writing is not, however, to disparage the latter. One advantage writing has over speech is that it is more permanent and makes possible the records that any civilization must have. Thus, if speaking makes us human, writing makes us civilized. 

We sometimes think of writing as more real than speech because ..............

According to the passage, what does a constricted and harsh voice indicate?

When the concept of universal primary education was introduced, education ................

The word “odd” refers to which of the following?