Nitrogen trifluoride (NF₃) là nguyên liệu được sử dụng trong việc sản xuất pin mặt trời. Phương trình hình thành nitrogen trifluoride được biểu diễn như sau:

N₂(g) + 3F₂(g) $\stackrel{}{\to }$ 2NF₃(g)

Cho:

Loại liên kết	Năng lượng liên kết (kJ.mol–1)
N≡N	+950
F – F	+150
N – F	+280

Giá trị biến thiên enthalpy chuẩn của phản ứng là bao nhiêu (kJ)?

Những hành vi vi phạm quyền bất khả xâm phạm về chỗ ở của công dân sẽ không dẫn đến hậu quả nào?

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 7 to 14.

The concept of project farming, where farmers come together to collaborate on large-scale agricultural projects, has gained significant traction, and modern technology keeps this collaboration on track. Advanced technologies such as GPS, sensors, drones, and data analytics are used to optimise agricultural practices. Additionally, the collected real- time data on soil conditions, weather patterns, and plant growth enables farmers to accelerate the decision-making process that maximises productivity while minimising resource wastage.

GPS technology allows farmers to precisely map out their fields and create customised planting plans. This ensures that seeds are sown at optimal locations based on soil characteristics and previous yield data. By avoiding areas with poor fertility, farmers can increase their overall crop yield. Camera traps provide advance warnings of insects, so farmers do not have to treat the whole field. This, therefore, helps curb chemical runoff and save money for every party involved in the project.

Technology also plays a vital role in optimising irrigation practices for sustainable agriculture. Specialised equipment reports dryness hour by hour, and weather apps forecast rain for the week ahead. Automated valves give each zone exactly the water it needs and pause when clouds are approaching. This cuts pumping costs and protects groundwater while keeping the crop healthy. On dry continents, such savings keep projects economically viable.

The digital trail does not stop at the farm gate. Cloud platforms let project farmers, processors, and truck drivers input harvest weights, storage temperatures, and delivery times the moment they change, while blockchain records freeze each entry so customers can trust it. Analytic tools combine seasons of records to forecast demand, spot price opportunities, and mark weak points in the workflow. This allows project farmers to anticipate market demand, exploit resource allocation, and plan for potential challenges.

(Adapted from https://www.consumersearch.com)

The word curb in paragraph 2 is OPPOSITE in meaning to _______. 

Tư tưởng dân chủ tư sản của giai cấp tư sản và chủ nô ở Bắc Mỹ được thể hiện qua khẩu hiệu

Read the following passage about the urban shift and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. (2,5 points)

            [I] Water is one of the most essential resources on our planet, vital for all forms of life. However, increasing demand and pollution are putting immense pressure on our freshwater supplies. [II] According to recent studies, nearly 2 billion people worldwide live in countries experiencing high water stress, leading to a decline in the availability of this precious resource. This situation not only affects drinking water but also agriculture, sanitation, and energy production.

            The primary causes of water scarcity include population growth, urbanization, and climate change. As cities expand, the demand for water increases significantly. Moreover, agricultural practices that rely heavily on water are becoming unsustainable in many regions. Climate change further exacerbates these issues, causing unpredictable weather patterns and extreme droughts, which reduce water availability.

           [III] In response to this growing crisis, everyone must prioritize water conservation. Simple actions, such as fixing leaks, using water-efficient appliances, and practicing mindful consumption, can make a significant difference. Additionally, implementing policies that promote sustainable water management and investing in technologies for water recycling can help mitigate the impacts of water scarcity. [IV]

            Despite these efforts, the challenges remain substantial. It is crucial that we recognize the importance of conserving water and take immediate steps to protect this vital resource for future generations.

Where in this passage does the following sentence best fit?

" These strategies can significantly improve water availability in stressed regions."

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to answer the following questions.
Volunteering offers many of the same social benefits, with the added bonus of helping others and developing useful skills to put on your CV. Plus, students are in a unique position to help, suggests Tom Fox. "They can take their enthusiasm and excitement for opportunities and share their passions, subject knowledge and experience with people." The idea of giving up time for nothing might seem impractical at first, especially once the pressures of study and coursework or exams begin to mount up. However, Michelle Wright, CEO of charity support organization Cause4, suggests seeing volunteering as a two-way street. "I think it is fine for undergraduates to approach volunteering as a symbiotic relationship where doing good is just one part of the motivation for reaching personal and professional goals."
Katerina Rudiger, head of skills and policy campaigns at the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD), says: "Volunteering can be a valuable way of gaining that experience, as well as building confidence, broadening your horizons, becoming a better team player and developing those all- important 'employability skills' such as communication and decision making." Amanda Haig, graduate HR manager, agrees that volunteering can help your employment prospects. "Volunteering can demonstrate positive personality traits and skill sets, such as proactivity, and teamwork," she says.
A positive side-effect of volunteering is improving your time at university by getting involved in the local community. Leaving the student bubble can make your time as an undergraduate much more varied. At Bath Spa University, more than 1,000 students volunteered over the past year, doing everything from working on local environmental projects to helping in schools or assisting the elderly. ”Quite often there can be a divide between students and permanent residents," says students' union president Amy Dawson, "but if students invest a little time now, they will be giving something back to the local community and will reap the benefits in the future."
“You might also find that volunteering helps your studies if you choose the right program. At Lancaster, volunteering is linked into academic modules in some cases", explains Fox. "This has multiple wins. Students get to apply their learning in the classroom and share their interests with children in local schools or community organizations, while schools gain skilled students with a passion for a subject that enthuses their pupils."

The word “gaining” in paragraph 2 can be replaced by____________.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

SCREEN TIME: MENTAL HEALTH MENACE OR SCAPEGOAT?

    "Have smartphones destroyed a generation?" Jean Twenge - a psychology professor at San Diego State University - asked in her controversial book, iGen. In the book, she argues that those born after 1995 are facing "a mental-health crisis", and she believes it can be linked to growing up with their noses pressed against a screen. Her newest study provides more support for that connection, showing that teens who spent more than an hour or two a day interacting with their gadgets were less happy on average than those who had more face time with others.

    Twenge's conclusions have come up against criticism in the past. Some have accused her work of oversimplifying or overlooking data that may tell a slightly different story. Twenge recognises that her study suggests only a link between screen use and psychological well-being. A possible explanation is that kids are running to their screens to escape from the things in life that are making them unhappy. However, the surveys can't say whether screen time directly changes teens' mental health, the research states.

    Philanthropist Melinda Gates, whose three children were also born after 1995, wrote in The Washington Post, "phones and apps aren't good or bad by themselves, but for adolescents who don't yet have the emotional tools to overcome life's problems, they can aggravate the difficulties of growing up."

    At the same time, she said, kids are learning on their devices and connecting in novel ways. Other studies have explored the connection between social media and isolation and how "likes" activate the brain's reward centre. Some analyses have found that moderate use of these technologies is not harmful in itself and can even improve children's social skills and build emotional strength.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor contributing to the mental-health crisis in the passage?

Số proton và neutrpn trong hạt nhân nguyên tử \(_{92}^{235}U\) lần lượt là

Phản ứng giữa bromate ion và bromine ion trong dung dịch acid:

\(\text{BrO}_{3}^{-}+5\text{B}{{\text{r}}^{-}}+6{{\text{H}}^{+}}\to 3\text{B}{{\text{r}}_{2}}+3{{\text{H}}_{2}}\text{O}\) 

Sau một khoảng thời gian, đo được: \(-\frac{\Delta {{C}_{B{{r}^{-}}}}}{\Delta t}=2,{{0.10}^{-3}}\left( \text{M}~{{\text{s}}^{-1}} \right)\) 

Vậy tốc độ trung bình của phản ứng trong khoảng thời gian đó là

Quá trình trao đổi chất là quá trình như thế nào?

Read the following passage about Artificial Intelligence and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are designed to think, learn, and adapt. AI is applied in various fields, including healthcare, education, transportation, and entertainment. Technologies such as machine learning, natural language processing, and robotics enable AI systems to perform tasks like diagnosing diseases, personalizing education, and even driving autonomous vehicles.

One significant benefit of AI is its ability to enhance efficiency and accuracy. For example, AI-powered systems can analyze vast amounts of data faster than humans, identifying patterns and trends that might otherwise go unnoticed. In healthcare, this means earlier diagnosis and improved treatment plans. In transportation, AI contributes to safer roads with the development of self-driving cars.

Despite these advantages, AI poses several challenges. Concerns include ethical issues, such as bias in algorithms, and the potential loss of jobs due to automation. Cybersecurity risks are also heightened as AI systems become more integrated into critical infrastructure. Addressing these challenges requires transparency, regulation, and collaboration among stakeholders.

To maximize its benefits, society must approach AI development responsibly. Governments, private organizations, and researchers are working together to create ethical guidelines and ensure that AI serves humanity’s best interests. As AI continues to evolve, it holds the promise of transforming the way we live and work.

The word “integrated” in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by ______.

Mệnh đề phủ định của mệnh đề $P$: "$\sqrt{2}$ là một số hữu tỉ" là

Một gen ở sinh vật nhân sơ, trên mạch 1 có %A - %X = 10% và có %T - %X = 30%; Trên mạch 2 của gen có %X - %G = 20%. Theo lí thuyết, trong tổng số nucleotit trên mạch 1, số nucleotit loại X chiếm tỉ lệ bao nhiêu?

Rô to của máy phát điện ở Hòa Bình quay 125 vòng trong 1 phút. Tốc độ góc của Rô to này là