Dùng thông tin sau để trả lời câu 11 và câu 12: Loài thực vật S được thụ phấn chủ yếu bởi chim ruồi, trong khi đó ong là loài thụ phấn chính cho loài thực vật T - gần gũi với S. Một nghiên cứu được thực hiện nhằm xác định đặc điểm nào ở hoa ảnh hưởng đến sự thăm viếng của chim ruồi và ong đối với hoa. Vài trăm cá thể F₂ là kết quả lai giữa hai loài S và T được tạo ra trong nhà kính, sau đó được trồng ở điều kiện thích hợp và thường xuyên có chim ruồi cũng như ong. Với mỗi cây F₂, người ta đo tần suất ghé thăm hoa của các loài thụ phấn trong tương quan với hàm lượng sắc tố carotenoid có ở cánh hoa (Hình 1) và thể tích mật của mỗi hoa (Hình 2). Thêm vào đó, các nhà nghiên cứu xác định kiểu genee của mỗi cây đối với locus genee car – quy định hàm lượng sắc tố. Locus genee car có ba allele là c¹, c² và c³, được thể hiện ở Hình 3.

Một quần thể tách biệt gồm các cá thể lai giữa loài S và loài T được phát hiện ở một khu vực mà loài chim ruồi đã tuyệt chủng trong thời gian gần đây, nhưng ong vẫn còn tồn tại. Nếu giả thiết rằng các điều kiện này được duy trì, thì sự thay đổi nào sau đây về mặt tiến hóa có khả năng xảy ra nhất trong quần thể trong khoảng vài trăm thế hệ sắp tới?

Bác sĩ thú y nằm trong nhóm ngành nào?

Đồ thị hàm số y = tanx đi qua điểm nào dưới đây?

Đầu tư nước ngoài không tăng nhanh trong ngành nào sau đây?

Các hoạt động kinh tế có mối quan hệ với nhau như thế nào?

Read the following passage about urban shift and mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

[I] Sperm whales are fascinating creatures. [II] They possess the biggest brain of any species, six times larger than a human’s, which scientists believe may have evolved to support intelligent, rational behavior. [III] They’re also highly social and capable of making decisions as a group. [IV] But there’s also a lot we don’t know about them, including what they may be saying to one another when communicating with a system of short clicks, known as codas.

Now, new research published in Nature Communications today suggests that sperm whales’ communication is actually much more expressive and complicated than was previously thought. A team of researchers led by Pratyusha Sharma at MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab (CSAIL) working with Project CETI, a nonprofit focused on using AI to understand whales, used statistical models to analyze whale codas and managed to identify a structure to their language that’s similar to features of human language. Their findings represent a tool future researchers could use to decipher not just the structure but the actual meaning of whale sounds.

For the study, the researchers examined recordings of 8,719 codas from around 60 whales collected by the Dominica Sperm Whale Project between 2005 and 2018, using a mix of AI algorithms for pattern recognition and classification. The AI then turned the clicks within the coda data into a new kind of data visualization called an exchange plot, revealing that some codas featured extra clicks. These extra clicks, combined with variations in the duration of their calls, appeared in interactions between multiple whales, which they say suggests that codas can carry more information and possess a more complicated internal structure than we had previously believed.

The team’s next step is to build language models of whale calls and to examine how those calls relate to different behaviors. They also plan to work on a more universal system that could be used across species, says Sharma. Taking a communication system we know nothing about, working out how it encodes and transmits information, and slowly beginning to understand what’s being communicated could have many purposes beyond whales. “I think we’re just starting to understand some of these things,” she says. “We’re very much at the beginning, but we are slowly making our way through.”

Which of the following best summarises paragraph 2?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

Mountain Lions Amid Wildfires: A Struggle for Survival

Beth Pratt, the California director for the National Wildlife Federation, has spent her career protecting Los Angeles’ mountain lions. These top predators live in a rocky area surrounded by fancy houses and many roads. When wildfires destroy vast stretches of open land, the survival options for these animals become critically limited. “This is the LA area—these mountain lions can’t just move into the Kardashians’ backyard,” Pratt says, her voice filled with concern for the animals in such a difficult situation.

(I) The chaparral vegetation, covering about 10% of California, is one of the world’s most flammable ecosystems. (II) In Los Angeles, suburban sprawl intrudes on these areas, blocking wildlife escape routes. (III)Fires strip the land of food and shelter, transforming vibrant ecosystems into barren landscapes. (IV) Pratt highlights the urgency of the situation, explaining how areas that once supported life are now “taken out of commission,” leaving many species to starve or struggle for survival.

The consequences extend beyond wildlife. Wildfires have caused devastating human losses, with 88,000 people evacuated and a rising death toll of 25. Meanwhile, the non-human world suffers equally, particularly endangered species with limited ranges. Red-legged frogs, reintroduced into Santa Monica streams in 2014, are among the most affected, with their habitats repeatedly destroyed. The Woolsey Fire of 2018 was followed by mudslides that wiped out much of the region's delicate ecosystem, and scientists fear similar outcomes this time. California newts, reptiles, and snakes are also at high risk, while mammals and birds, although more likely to escape, face challenges in finding food and shelter as the ecosystem bounces back.

Despite the devastation, hope remains. The chaparral is a fire-adapted ecosystem, and life often endures beneath the soil. Seeds can survive and germinate quickly, with grasses sprouting weeks after the first rain. Shrubs may take up to a decade to recover, depending on rainfall. Prof. Stefan Doerr, an expert on wildfires, emphasizes the resilience of this landscape, noting its evolutionary adaptation to high-intensity fires occurring every 30 to 100 years. While the aftermath looks bleak, these fires play a role in maintaining biodiversity, offering a glimmer of hope for recovery.

The word “their” in Paragraph 3 refers to:

Read the following passage about the Science in Service of Humanity and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

Science has come out of its shell in laboratories to become a powerful force for human advancement. Modern scientific endeavors increasingly focus on addressing real-world challenges affecting communities globally. From developing vaccines that save millions to creating technologies connecting people across continents, science serves humanity in countless ways. This shift represents a fundamental evolution in how we perceive scientific progress—not merely academic pursuit but a practical tool for improving lives and solving pressing problems.

[I] Medical breakthroughs exemplify how science directly benefits humanity. [II] For instance, gene therapy offers hope for those with inherited conditions, while artificial intelligence helps diagnose diseases earlier and more accurately. [III] These advancements didn't happen overnight; scientists had to burn the midnight oil for years before achieving success. [IV] Their perseverance demonstrates that when science targets humanitarian goals, results can transform society profoundly.

Environmental science has emerged as another crucial domain where laboratory work translates into human welfare. Climate scientists provide data informing policy decisions affecting billions. Conservation biologists develop strategies to protect biodiversity, ensuring future generations benefit from natural resources. Agricultural researchers create drought-resistant crops helping communities withstand changing climate conditions. Despite these contributions, environmental science faces challenges including funding limitations, political resistance, and urgency of addressing accelerating climate change. Nevertheless, dedicated scientists continue their work, recognizing environmental health directly impacts human wellbeing.

The future of science in service of humanity looks increasingly collaborative and inclusive. Modern approaches incorporate diverse perspectives, including indigenous knowledge and community participation. Citizen science projects engage non-professionals in data collection, democratizing the scientific process. Open-access publishing makes research findings available to anyone with internet access, not just wealthy institutions. These developments suggest science's greatest potential lies in becoming more accessible and responsive to human needs. As we face complex global challenges, from pandemics to climate change, science serving humanity offers our best hope for a sustainable future.

The phrase “come out of its shell” in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by _________.

Orbital nguyên tử là

Trong một nhà máy sản xuất ammonia theo quy trình Haber, giai đoạn sản xuất khí hydrogen băng phản ứng của methane và nước được thực hiện theo phương trình hóa học (1) như sau:

$\left(1\right) C{H}_4\left(g\right)+H_{2}O\stackrel{xt}{\to }CO\left(g\right)+3H_2 \left(g\right)$

Phản ứng (1) là phản ứng thu nhiệt mạnh. Lượng nhiệt nảy được cung câp từ quá trình đốt cháy hoản toàn khí methane theo phương trình hóa học (2):

$\left(2\right) C{H}_4\left(g\right)+2O_2\left(g\right)\to C{O}_2\left(g\right)+2H_{2}O\left(g\right)$

Xét các phản ứng ở điều kiện chuẩn và hiệu suất chuyển hóa của methane là 100%. Tính khối lượng khí methane (theo tấn, làm tròn đến hàng phần trăm) cần thiết để sản xuất 0,30 tấn H2(g) trong giai đoạn trên. Biết 90% lượng nhiệt tỏa ra từ phản ứng (2) được cung cấp cho phản ứng (1) và các giá trị nhiệt tạo thành ${∆}_f{H}_{298}^0$ của các chất ở điều kiện chuẩn được cho trong bảng sau: